周宏飞,吴波,王玉刚,李彦.新疆生产建设兵团农垦生态建设的成就、问题及对策刍议[J].中国科学院院刊,2017,32(1):55-63.

新疆生产建设兵团农垦生态建设的成就、问题及对策刍议

Ecological Achievement of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and Its Problems and Countermeasures

周宏飞
中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 乌鲁木齐 830011
Zhou Hongfei
Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
吴波
中国林业科学研究院荒漠化研究所 北京 100091
Wu Bo
Institute of Desertification, Chinese Academy of Forest Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
王玉刚
中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 乌鲁木齐 830011
Wang Yugang
Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
李彦
中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 乌鲁木齐 830011,liyan@ms.xjb.ac.cn
Li Yan
Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China

         新疆生产建设兵团;农垦;人工绿洲;生态建设;对策建议

        Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps;land reclamation;oasis;ecological protection;suggestions

        60年来，新疆生产建设兵团的农垦事业为新疆的经济发展和社会稳定作出了重大贡献。文章通过对兵团水土资源开发过程及其生态建设成就与问题的分析，提出兵团农垦按土地开发规模和速度可以划分为初具规模、波动增长、缓慢增长、快速发展和转型跨越5个发展阶段。兵团农垦在农业、林业、草地、水域、城市等生态建设方面取得了很大成就，同时，也存在自然植被退化和生物多样性降低、土壤次生盐渍化、农田防护林退化、土地沙化等生态问题。文章指出新疆兵团生态建设的核心是维护人工绿洲生态系统的稳定和可持续发展，重点是遏制荒漠生态系统的进一步退化，关键是协调生产用水与生态用水的关系。实现从“生产建设兵团”到“生态建设兵团”的跨越。

        For over 60 years, the agriculture reclamation by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps has contributed greatly to economical development and social stability in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. In these years' history, the Corps went through 5 stages in reclamation:initial stage, fluctuative development, slow development, fast development, and last stage of great leap and transformation (from agriculture mainly to more industrial). During this process, the Corps has achieved greatly in terms of ecology:including agriculture, forestry, as well as protection of grassland, water body, and city. Meanwhile, the large scale land reclamation also induced a lot of ecological problems:including the degration of natural vegetation and biodiversity, secondary salination of soils, degration of green shelter belt of the farmland, soil pollution, over reclamation of the land and water resources, and lack of water resources for ecological use. We conclude that the key for the sustainable development of the Corps is to rationalize the use of water resources between production and ecological protection, and thus to stop the degration of desert ecosystem, and in the end to maintain the stability of oasis ecosystem and sustainable development of the region.