陈捷,何潇,代涛.国家关键技术战略的实践与启示[J].中国科学院院刊,2025,40(5):913-922.

国家关键技术战略的实践与启示

Practice and enlightenment of national critical technology strategy

陈捷¹
中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院 北京 100190
CHEN Jie¹
Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
何潇^1,2
中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院 北京 100190;中国科学院大学 公共政策与管理学院 北京 100049
HE Xiao^1,2
Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
代涛^1,2*
中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院 北京 100190;中国科学院大学 公共政策与管理学院 北京 100049
DAI Tao^1,2*
Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

         国家关键技术战略;国际实践;启示

        national strategy for critical technologies;international practice;inspiration

        关键技术已经成为影响国际竞争格局、国家经济社会发展和国家安全的重要因素。近年来，美国、韩国、澳大利亚等主要国家实施了国家关键技术战略，从国家层面系统性推进关键技术的培育和保护。文章首先从战略的定位、重点和主要举措等维度比较了美国、韩国、澳大利亚基于本国优势和基础进行的不同战略选择，分析了美国为技术领先型战略、韩国为培育型战略、澳大利亚为平衡型战略。其次，从经济社会发展阶段、国家竞争态势和风险防范视角3个层次，分析了几个主要国家制定关键技术战略背后的逻辑基础。最后，结合我国现状与问题，从外部形势和内部需求两方面分析了我国实施关键技术战略的必要性和紧迫性，并提出国家关键技术战略的实施路径。

        Critical technologies have become an important factor affecting the international competition pattern, national economic and social development, and national security. In recent years, major countries such as the United States, South Korea, and Australia have implemented national critical technology strategies to systematically promote the cultivation and protection of critical technologies at the national level. Firstly, the different strategic choices made by the United States, South Korea, and Australia based on their own advantages and foundations were compared from the dimensions of strategic positioning, focus, and main measures. The United States was analyzed as a technology leading strategy, South Korea as a nurturing strategy, and Australia as a balanced strategy. Secondly, the logical basis behind the formulation of key technology strategies by major countries was analyzed from three perspectives: economic and social development stage, national competitive situation, and risk prevention. Finally, based on the current situation and problems in China, the necessity and urgency of implementing the critical technology strategy were analyzed from both external factors and internal demands, and the implementation path of the national critical technology strategy was proposed.