郑永年,徐兰朦.以大科创体系“多轨并举”推动中国现代产业体系建设[J].中国科学院院刊,2025,40(5):795-808.

以大科创体系“多轨并举”推动中国现代产业体系建设

Promoting construction of China’s modern industrial system by “multi-tracking” research and innovation model

郑永年¹
香港中文大学(深圳) 前海国际事务研究院 深圳 518172
ZHENG Yongnian¹
The Institute for International Affairs, Qianhai, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
徐兰朦^2*
香港中文大学(深圳) 人文社科学院 深圳 518172
XU Lanmeng^2*
School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China

         产业体系;基础研究;应用技术;人才培育;制度改革

        industrial system;basic research;applied technology;talent cultivation;institutional reform

        在步入第四次工业革命的当下，大国之间竞争的核心在于基于产业体系之上的经济韧性的竞争。英国和美国产业发展的历史经验带来的启示是，现代产业体系建设必须注重产业的均衡发展，避免只发展服务业与金融业而忽视制造业，这会导致经济发展脱实向虚。中国要构建具备“全、大、多、密、强”五大特征的现代产业体系。现代产业体系构建的本质是在升级传统产业的同时培育新兴产业，两者都依赖创新型技术的产生来推动。创新型技术需要通过构造大科创体系来实现。当前，阻碍中国实现技术创新的短板既表现在科研创新层面的体制机制问题，包括科创人才培育体系的结构性碎片化、科研考评体系以“帽子”定义人才、科研项目的设计和审核制度设计不合理等，也表现在科技创新层面的体制机制问题，包括科研体系基础研究端和应用技术端脱节、应用技术转化端与产学研过程的分割、新兴产业培育存在过度监管等方面。为克服这些短板带来的挑战和推动现代产业体系建设，中国应推动大科创体系的建立，以“多轨并举”的模式，即企业技术需求引领、大学和科研机构传统基础研究并行、人工智能赋能的科研创新模式，结合“块块”试验区式体制改革模式，推动科技创新进程的加快，助力产业创新升级。

        The core of the competition between large nations during the fourth industrial revolution is centered on economic resilience, which is based on the industrial system of each nation. The key takeaway from the historical experience of industrial development in the United Kingdom and the United States is that the building of a modern industrial system must prioritize the balanced development of industries rather than concentrating solely on the financial and service sectors and ignoring the manufacturing sector, which leads to industrial hollowing-out. China ought to build a modern industrial system that possesses the five characteristics,including industry comprehensiveness, large capacity, a wide variety of economic activities, high density of economic activity, and advanced technology. The essence of building a modern industrial system is to cultivate new industries while upgrading traditional industries, both of which rely on the generation of innovative technologies. The current institutional shortcomings that hinder the realization of technological innovation in China include structural fragmentation of the talent cultivation system, bias in the definition of talent, improper design of research projects and review systems, disconnection between basic research and applied technology, lack of scientific understanding of enterprises-universities-researches integration, and over-regulation of emerging industries. To overcome these drawbacks, China should promote the establishment of a large and integrated science and technology innovation system, using a “multi-tracking” model, which consists of technology demand-led innovation, a traditional innovation mode with basic research conducted by universities and research institutions, and leveraging artificial intelligence for technology innovation. In the meantime, China should establish special science and technology innovation zones in specific geographic and functional areas and implement pilot reforms of institutional mechanisms in these zones.