马晓玲.世界主要国家生物医药创新系统的案例研究[J].中国科学院院刊,2025,40(3):540-551.

世界主要国家生物医药创新系统的案例研究

Case studies on biomedical innovation systems in major countries

马晓玲
中国国际经济交流中心 北京 100050
MA Xiaoling
China Center for International Economic Exchanges, Beijing 100050, China

         生物医药产业;创新系统;基础研究;诺贝尔奖;技术突破;成果转化;商业化;创新绩效

        biomedical industry;innovation system;basic research;Nobel Prize;technological breakthroughs;achievements transformation;commercialization;innovation performance

        文章围绕近百年来全球生物医药领域代表性药品和技术，包括青霉素、青蒿素、单克隆抗体、PD-1单抗、mRNA疫苗、CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术等的基础研究、技术突破、成果转化及商业化这一主线，从实践出发，通过解剖麻雀的方式，“双击”每一次伟大创新，刻画了相关国家生物医药创新系统具体形式和绩效表现，形成“见树亦见森林”的图景。通过对比研究发现，相较于英国、德国、日本和中国，美国发展起通畅的成果转化系统和完善的创新系统，这不仅使得美国的“种子”能在美国结出“果实”，别国的“好种子”也竞相在美国长出“果实”，最终美国最为受益。反之，如果本国成果转化系统不畅、创新系统不健全，即便重金培育出“种子”，最后也无法顺利在本国结果，这值得高度重视。中国应充分吸取经验，取长补短，完善成果转化系统和创新系统，提高生物医药产业创新绩效。

        The study focuses on the basic research, technological breakthroughs, transformation and commercialization of representative biomedical innovations over the past century-including penicillin, artemisinin, monoclonal antibodies, tumor immunotherapy, adenoviral gene therapy, mRNA vaccines, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, etc.-adopting a "dissecting the sparrow" case study methodology to conduct in-depth analyses ("double-clicking") of each breakthrough, thereby mapping the institutional architectures and performance outcomes of national biomedical innovation systems and achieving a "seeing both trees and forest" perspective. Through comparative analysis, it reveals that the United States, compared with the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany and China, has developed a smooth technology transfer system and a mature innovation system, enabling not only domestic "seeds" to bear fruits locally, but also attracting "good seeds" from other countries to grow fruits in the United States, with the United States ultimately benefiting the most. Conversely, if a country's achievements transformation system is not smooth and the innovation system is not sound, even large amounts of investment on "cultivating seeds" will not "bear fruits" smoothly in the country. This requests China's great attention. China should fully learn from these lessons, take advantage of its strengths and compensate for its weaknesses to strengthen the achievements transformation system and innovation system, thus elevating the innovation performance of the biomedical industry.