吴威,廖晓勇,李晓鹏,吴云涛,陆会贤,张玉成,张佳宝.土壤快速检测技术助力摸清我国土壤养分家底[J].中国科学院院刊,2025,40(2):320-327.

土壤快速检测技术助力摸清我国土壤养分家底

Rapid soil detection technology aids in assessing soil nutrients in China

吴威^2,5
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 北京 100101;中国科学院大学 北京 100049
WU Wei^2,5
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
廖晓勇²
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 北京 100101
LIAO Xiaoyong²
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
李晓鹏³
中国科学院南京土壤研究所 南京 211135
LI Xiaopeng³
Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
吴云涛⁴
中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 上海 201899
WU Yuntao⁴
Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
陆会贤¹
中国科学院计算技术研究所 北京 100190
LU Huixian¹
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
张玉成^1*
中国科学院计算技术研究所 北京 100190
ZHANG Yucheng^1*
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
张佳宝³
中国科学院南京土壤研究所 南京 211135
ZHANG Jiabao³
Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China

         土壤快速检测技术;耕地质量;精细耕地土壤养分处方图;粮食安全

        soil rapid detection technology;cultivated land quality;soil nutrient prescription map for fine cultivated land;food security

        耕地质量是保障我国粮食安全的核心问题，土壤健康是耕地质量的重中之重。全面快速精准获取土壤本底数据，是实现土壤均质化管理与均衡施肥策略制定的前提，对于改善不合理施肥造成的面源污染，以及保障粮食均衡增产将起到关键作用。文章对国内外土壤快速检测方法进行了梳理，并根据前期研究基础提出了通过计算放射性核素衰变期间释放的伽马量子来快速检测土壤中养分浓度的技术手段。通过研制土壤快速检测设备，建立土壤养分反演模型和借助数字地图技术绘制精细耕地土壤养分处方图，并应用处方图指导变量施肥。这项技术对于掌握我国土壤养分数据情况、摸清土壤养分家底、保障我国粮食安全具有重要意义。最后，为加速摸清我国土壤养分本底数据，结合高标准农田信息化建设推动此项技术在全国范围内的应用，提出了3点发展建议。

        Soil quality is the core issue for ensuring China’s food security, and soil health is the top priority of soil quality. Comprehensive, rapid and accurate acquisition of soil background data is the prerequisite for achieving homogeneous soil management and formulating balanced fertilization strategies, which will play a key role in improving non-point source pollution caused by unreasonable fertilization and achieving balanced grain yield increase. This study reviews rapid soil testing methods both domestically and internationally. Based on previous research, it proposes a technical approach to rapidly detect soil nutrient concentrations by calculating the gamma quanta released during the decay of radioactive nuclides. This approach includes the development of rapid soil testing equipment, the establishment of soil nutrient inversion models, and the use of digital mapping technology to create detailed soil nutrient prescription maps for cultivated land. It is of great significance for grasping the situation of soil nutrient data in China, clarifying the soil nutrient inventory and ensuring China’s food security. Finally, to accelerate the acquisition of soil nutrient background data in China, three development suggestions are put forward to promote the application of this technology nationwide in combination with the informatization construction of high-standard farmland.