刘妍,冉从敬*.中美欧“泛数据主权”竞争格局及中国应对——基于数字堆栈模型[J].中国科学院院刊,2024,39(12):2108-2119.

中美欧“泛数据主权”竞争格局及中国应对——基于数字堆栈模型

How should China respond to “Pan-Data Sovereignty” competition among China, U.S., and EU?—An analysis based on digital stack model

刘妍
武汉大学 信息管理学院 武汉 430072
LIU Yan
School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
冉从敬*
武汉大学 信息管理学院 武汉 430072
RAN Congjing*
School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

         “泛数据主权”|数字技术|中美关系|中欧关系|数据脱钩

        “Pan-Data Sovereignty”|digital technology|U.S.-China relations|China-EU relations|data decoupling

        数据主权与科技、贸易、经济、文化、技术、社会和政治等经济社会发展要素深刻交融，使得数字空间中的国家竞争演变为“泛数据主权”竞争格局。在将数字技术分层观之的数字堆栈模型下，能够更为清晰地了解中国、美国、欧盟（以下简称“中美欧”）三方的“泛数据主权”竞争能力。分析发现，中美欧已形成全球“泛数据主权”竞争的三极格局，三方在数字堆栈的不同层次各具优势，未来极有可能围绕量子科学、物联网等领域展开激烈竞争；数字堆栈的多层中出现了“去中国化”趋势，美国对中国的科技封锁行为尤为激烈；可以预见，美国将围绕“泛数据主权”与中国展开全面竞争，中欧则因技术地位、发展理念、主权观念的类似将有深入合作机会。为了提高中国“泛数据主权”的自主可控能力，需清晰把握“泛数据主权”竞争之实质，扬长避短、有针对性地建设各层数字栈；并采取反制措施，强化对美国的战略对冲、深化对欧盟的数字合作。

        Data sovereignty has become deeply intertwined with various economic and social development factors such as technology, trade, economy, culture, society, and politics, leading to a “Pan-Data Sovereignty” competition pattern in the digital space. Through the digital stack model, which examines digital technologies in a layered framework, we can more clearly assess the competitive capacities in “Pan-Data Sovereignty” of China, United States, and European Union. The analysis identifies a three-tiered global “Pan-Data Sovereignty” competition structure among China, U.S., and EU, with each entity holding distinct advantages across various layers of the digital stack. Intense future competition is anticipated in fields such as quantum science and the Internet of Things. A “desinicization” trend is evident across multiple layers of the digital stack, with particularly aggressive technological blockades from U.S. targeting China. It is foreseeable that U.S. will engage in comprehensive competition with China over “Pan-Data Sovereignty”, while EU, due to its similar technological positioning, developmental philosophy, and sovereignty concepts, may find opportunities for deeper cooperation with China. To enhance China’s autonomy and control in “Pan-Data Sovereignty”, it is essential to precisely understand the nature of this competition, leverage strengths to address weaknesses, and strategically develop specific layers of the digital stack. Furthermore, countermeasures should be taken to strengthen strategic hedging against U. S. and deepen digital cooperation with EU.