张旭.智能时代的脑科学与类脑智能研究[J].中国科学院院刊,2024,39(5):840-850.

智能时代的脑科学与类脑智能研究

Brain science and brain-inspired intelligence in intelligent era

张旭
中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心 上海 200031;上海交通大学 主动健康战略与发展研究院 上海 200030
ZHANG Xu
Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China

         神经科学|脑成像|脑功能神经网络图谱|脑机接口|类脑智能|类脑计算|脉冲神经网络芯片|类脑处理器（BPU）

        neuroscience|brain imaging|brain connectivity map|brain-computer interface|brain-inspired intelligence|brain-inspired computing|spiking neural network processor|brain-inspired processor (BPU)

        以智能科技为核心技术、智能算力为生产力的智能时代再次把脑科学推向世界科学与技术前沿。脑科学是研究人、动物和机器的认知与智能的本质和规律的科学。对神经系统结构和功能联结规律进行全面解析将最终绘制成脑功能联结图谱，近10多年来神经科学研究致力于系统性地解析神经系统的神经元类型和神经结构连接，在单细胞转录组分析、神经网络结构示踪等技术推动下取得了阶段性进展。解析人类大脑这一最为复杂的信息和智能系统，会启迪类脑智能理论和类脑智能技术，即脑科学/神经科学启发的智能理论和技术。在智能时代，脑科学研究的多学科交叉研究范式促使脑机接口、类脑智能计算等类脑智能研究领域加入脑科学。脑机接口的神经解码和编码技术为绘制人脑功能神经网络图谱提供了重要的功能研究技术和方法，并且可探索在脑疾病临床诊治上的应用。类脑计算正成为脑科学研究的一种新范式，借鉴脑处理信息和学习的基本原理发展高能效、高速和智能的新型类脑计算系统，利用发展的类脑计算系统可以加速发展脑模拟和数字大脑，促进理解大脑运行机制和治疗脑疾病，发展数字脑科学和脑医学。新近出现的脉冲神经网络智能处理器为构建大规模类脑智能计算系统奠定了基础，未来类脑超级算力极可能超过人类大脑算力，影响智能科技变革和人类社会发展。

        With intelligence technology as the core technology and intelligent computing power as the productive force, the intelligent era has once again pushed brain science to the forefront of world science and technology. Brain science is the science that studies the nature and rule of cognition and intelligence of human, animal, and machine. A comprehensive analysis of the structure and functional connection rule of the nervous system will eventually draw the functional connectivity map of the brain. In the past decade, neuroscience research has been committed to systematically analyzing the types of neurons and neural structural connections of the nervous system, and has made phased progress under the drive of single-cell transcriptome analysis, neural network structure tracer and other technologies. The analysis of the human brain, the most complex information and intelligence system, will enlighten the brain-inspired intelligence theory and technology, that is, the intelligence theory and technology inspired by brain science/ neuroscience. In the era of intelligence, the interdisciplinary research paradigm of brain science research has promoted brain-inspired intelligence research fields such as brain-computer interface and brain-inspired intelligent computing to join brain science. Neural decoding and coding techniques of brain-computer interface provide important functional research techniques and methods for mapping functional neural networks of human brain, and explore the application in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Brain-inspired computing is becoming a new paradigm of brain science research. By learning from the basic principles of brain processing information and learning, a new type of brain-inspired computing system with high energy efficiency, high speed and intelligence can be developed. The use of the developed brain-inspired computing system can accelerate the development of brain simulation and digital brain, promote the understanding of brain mechanism and the treatment of brain diseases, and develop digital brain science and brain medicine. The newly emerged spiking neural network-based intelligent processor has laid the foundation for the construction of large-scale brain-inspired intelligent computing system, and the future brain-inspired supercomputing power is likely to exceed the human brain computing power, which will affect the transformation of intelligent science and technology and the development of human society.