刘志华,贺红士,徐文茹,梁宇,朱教君,王高峰,魏伟,王自发,韩永明.林火碳排放的影响与减缓对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2023,38(10):1552-1560.

林火碳排放的影响与减缓对策

Impacts of forest fire carbon emission and mitigation strategies

刘志华¹
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016
LIU Zhihua¹
Institutes of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
贺红士²
东北师范大学 地理科学学院 长春 130024
HE Hongshi²
School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
徐文茹¹
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016
XU Wenru¹
Institutes of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
梁宇¹
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016
LIANG Yu¹
Institutes of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
朱教君^1*
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016
ZHU Jiaojun^1*
Institutes of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
王高峰¹
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016
WANG Geoff G.¹
Institutes of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
魏伟³
中国科学院上海高等研究院 上海 201210
WEI Wei³
Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
王自发⁴
中国科学院大气物理研究所 北京 100029
WANG Zifa⁴
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
韩永明⁵
中国科学院地球环境研究所 西安 710061
HAN Yongming⁵
Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China

         野火;碳排放;气候变化;碳中和

        wildfire;carbon emission;climate change;carbon neutrality

        2002—2020年，全球野火每年约排放73.2亿吨二氧化碳（CO₂），为化石燃料排放CO₂的18.5%；其中，林火碳排放约占野火碳排放20%左右（15亿吨CO₂）。近年来，随着气候变化和人类活动加剧，林火释放的CO₂呈增加趋势。例如，2023年5月以来的加拿大林火，截至8月29日已累计排放12.68亿吨CO₂。我国在实现森林面积和蓄积量“双增长”的背景下，自2010年以来林火发生次数和面积显著减小，为减少林火碳排放、应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献。鉴于林火已成为不可忽视的温室气体排放源，需要建立全面、客观、公正的碳排放监测与计量系统，兼顾人类活动（如化石燃料排放、工业排放）和自然林火碳排放；特别是通过采取减少林火发生频率、降低火灾强度等有效手段，降低林火碳排放。针对极端林火预测和防控的世界性难题，急需构建林火风险识别、预警-预测和防控技术体系，并加强林火过程碳排放研究，建立更加科学、全面、自主可控的碳核算体系。

        Between 2000 and 2020, global wildfires contributed to approximately 7.32 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, accounting for about 18.5% of CO₂ emissions released from fossil fuels. Forest fires alone contributed to around 20% of these wildfire emissions, approximately 1.5 billion metric tons of CO₂. Due to climate change and human activities, carbon emissions from forest fires are on the rise. For example, the 2023 Canadian fires have emitted 1.268 billion metric tons of CO₂ up to August 29th. Despite the simultaneous increase in forest area and volume, the frequency and extent of forest fires have significantly decreased in China since 2010, which has made a significant contribution to global carbon emission reduction. Given forest fires have become a significant global carbon emission source, a comprehensive, objective, and fair carbon emission monitoring and accounting system that considers carbon emissions from both human activities and forest fires should be established. At the same time, effective measures should be taken to reduce the occurrence frequency and intensity of wildfires to lower carbon emissions from forest fires. To address the challenges of predicting and preventing extreme forest fire behavior, it is essential to develop a forest fire risk identification, early warning, prediction, and prevention technology system. Additionally, research should be devoted to carbon emissions from wildfires, aiming to establish a more scientific, comprehensive, and domestically controllable carbon accounting system.