韩晓增,邹文秀,杨帆.东北黑土地保护利用取得的主要成绩、面临挑战与对策建议[J].中国科学院院刊,2021,36(10):1194-1202.

东北黑土地保护利用取得的主要成绩、面临挑战与对策建议

Main Achievements, Challenges, and Recommendations of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization in China
作者
韩晓增1
中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 哈尔滨 150081
HAN Xiaozeng1
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
邹文秀1*
中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 哈尔滨 150081
ZOU Wenxiu1*
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
杨帆2
农业农村部耕地质量监测保护中心 北京 100125
YANG Fan2
Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
中文关键词
         黑土地保护工程;黑土层保育;肥沃耕层构建;控蚀增肥;梨树模式;龙江模式
英文关键词
        black soil conservation project;conservation on black soil layer;construction of fertile cultivated layer;controlling erosion and enhancing soil fertility;Lishu model;Longjiang model
中文摘要
        经过各地多部门采取有效措施、积极推进,东北黑土地保护利用取得了显著成效。目前,东北黑土地保护利用已经上升到国家战略,被纳入相关国家规划或纲要中,科学研究取得了重大进展。通过实施东北黑土地保护利用试点项目,黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省和内蒙古自治区已经将黑土地保护利用纳入重要工作日程,因地制宜、分区域制定了黑土地保护利用措施,建立了“梨树模式”和“龙江模式” ;黑土地6个土壤类型耕地地力得到提高,黑土地保护利用工作达到预定目标,社会和民众参与意识明显提升。此外,各级政府通过不断完善相关条例规范,实现黑土地保护利用有章可循,下一步逐步完善国家层面相关法规制度,让黑土地保护利用有法可依。然而,东北黑土地保护利用仍然面临着现有耕作方式能否保持住黑土层厚度、浅薄层黑土能否通过技术创新恢复至中厚层黑土、如何通过低成本投入实现白浆土障碍消减与培肥、黑土区可容忍的风蚀和水蚀量是多少等一系列问题。在未来的工作中,应该加强顶层设计,充分发挥《东北黑土地保护规划纲要(2017—2030年)》和《国家黑土地保护工程实施方案(2021—2025年)》对东北黑土地保护利用的指导作用,在北纬45°以北的黑土带上建立大于4×104 km2黑土地保护区,实现中厚层黑土的永续利用;集中力量破解浅薄层黑土耕地地力提升与粮食产能高效的肥沃耕层构建技术瓶颈;建立以长坡为研究对象的水土流失长期观测场,重点攻关坡耕地区域内系统降能排水技术和沟蚀控制技术;设立土壤风蚀监测站点,形成监测网络,进行实时观测,为制定防风蚀技术对策提供重要参考。
英文摘要
        The conservation and utilization of black soil have achieved remarkable results under effective measures and active promotion taken by different departments in China. At present, the conservation and utilization of black soil have been upgraded to national strategy and incorporated into related planning and outline, major scientific advances have been achieved. The black soil conservation and utilization have also been listed into the important governmental schedules in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in Northeast China. The promotional mechanisms of black soil conservation and utilization have been established, approaches of black soil conservation and utilization have been proposed according to the local conditions, Lishu model and Longjiang model were established, soil fertility of six soil types in black soil has been enhanced, mass satisfaction has reached 100% according to the questionnaire survey, social and public participation awareness has been significantly improved. Additionally, black soil conservation and utilization could rely on related regulations and specifications under continuous improvement, and will rely on related national law in the future. Nevertheless, there are still a range of problems to be solved for further work in black soil conservation and utilization, such as whether the thick black soil layer can be maintained under current practices, whether soil with thin black soil layer can restore to soil with thick black soil layer by the technology innovation, how to simultaneously realize obstacle abatement and soil fertilization of albic soil with low input, and what are the threshold values of wind erosion and run off in black soil zone. In the future, black soil conservation and utilization should focused on strengthening top-level design, playing a full guiding role of Outline of the Northeast Black Soil Conservation (2017-2030) and Implementation Programme of National Black Soil Conservation Project (2021-2025), establishing black soil conservation zone in the north of black soil zone (N 45°) with area of more than 4×104 km2 in order to reach the objective of black soil sustainable utilization, breaking through technical bottlenecks of constructing fertile cultivated layer for soil with thin black soil layer in order to realize improvement in black soil fertility and enhance the crop yield, building field observation stations with long slope in sloping arable areas focused on drainage technology with low energy and controlling groove erosion, setting up soil wind erosion monitor network in order to provide important reference for developing technology of controlling wind erosion.
DOI10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20210804002
作者简介
韩晓增 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所研究员。长期从事我国东北地区土壤与耕作栽培方面研究,先后在大豆重迎茬减产机理和控制技术、土壤耕作与培肥、东北典型农田生态系统结构功能和黑土地保护利用等方面取得了一系列重要研究成果,研发了多套关键技术和技术模式,促进了东北地区农业可持续发展。农业农村部耕地质量建设专家指导组副组长,黑龙江省黑土地保护专家组组长,中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站原站长, Pedosphere等 6个科技期刊编委。近 5年以第一完成人获得吉林省和黑龙江省自然科学奖一等奖各 1项,黑龙江省科技进步奖一等奖 1项。以第一作者撰写专著 7部,获得授权专利 11项。
E-mail:xzhan@iga.ac.cn
HAN Xiaozeng Professor in Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He mainly focuses on the research of soil and cultivation in Northeast China. He has achieved a series of research achievements in the mechanism of yield decrease while continuously planting soybean and the corresponding techniques to control the yield decrease, soil cultivation, the structure and function of agro-ecosystem and black soil conservation in Northeast China. He also developed several critical techniques and technique patterns, which has promoted the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. Currently he works as deputy director for the Committee of Arable Quality Construction in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. He is also the group leader of black soil conservation and utilization in Heilongjiang Province, the former director of Hailun Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station and Editor for six journals including Pedosphere. In past five years, he received the first prize of Natural Science Award in Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province, respectively, the first prize of Science and Technology Progress Award in Heilongjiang Province as the top winner in the list. Up to now, He has published seven monographs as first author, and eleven patents has been authorized.
E-mail:xzhan@iga.ac.cn
邹文秀 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所研究员。主要从事黑土地保护利用、土壤耕作与作物栽培等方面的研究,具体研究方向为黑土肥力定向培育与调控机制、土壤结构改良与快速培肥、耕作栽培模式优化、黑土耕地地力提升和粮食产能增效等。中国土壤学会理事,中国植物与肥料营养学会养分循环与环境专业委员会副主任,国家大豆产业技术体系海伦综合试验站站长,黑龙江省黑土地保护专家组成员。近 5年以第一完成人获得黑龙江省科技进步奖一等奖 1项,以第二完成人获得吉林省自然科学奖一等奖和黑龙江省科技进步奖一等奖各 1项。以第一作者/通讯作者发表 SCI论文 14篇。
E-mail:zouwenxiu@iga.ac.cn
ZOU Wenxiu Professor in Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). She mainly focuses on the research of black soil conservation and utilization, soil tillage and crop cultivation. She has achieved a series of research achievements in the directed cultivation and regulation process of black soil fertility, the soil structure improvement and fast fertilization, optimization of soil tillage and crop cultivation patterns, above results paly an important role on the increase of soil fertility and crop yield. She is the member of Soil Science Society of China, deputy director of professional committee of nutrient cycle and environment in Chinese Society of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Sciences, director of Hailun Experimental Station in Soybean in China Agriculture Research System, member of black soil conservation and utilization expert group in Heilongjiang Province. In past five years, she received one first prize of Science and Technology Progress Award in Heilongjiang Province at the top of the list, one first prize of Natural Science Award in Jilin Province, and one first prize of Science and Technology Progress Award in Heilongjiang Province at the second of the list. She has published 14 SCI indexed papers as the first author and corresponding author.
E-mail:zouwenxiu@iga.ac.cn
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