曹垒,孟凡娟,赵青山.基于前沿监测技术探讨“大开发”对鸟类迁徙及其栖息地的影响[J].中国科学院院刊,2021,36(4):436-447.

基于前沿监测技术探讨“大开发”对鸟类迁徙及其栖息地的影响

Understanding Effects of Large-scale Development on Bird Migration and Habitats Through Cutting Edge Avian Monitoring Techniques

曹垒
中国科学院生态环境研究中心 北京 100085;中国科学院大学 北京 100049
CAO Lei
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
孟凡娟
中国科学院生态环境研究中心 北京 100085
MENG Fanjuan
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
赵青山
中国科学院生态环境研究中心 北京 100085
ZHAO Qingshan
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China

         水鸟;迁徙;湿地;保护;卫星追踪;流域综合管理

        waterbird;migration;wetland;conservation;satellite tracking;integrated catchment management

        迁徙鸟类与地球上不同生态系统、当地生物多样性和人类文化的时空关联，诠释了“地球生命共同体”的理念。《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》用鸟类数量来确定国际重要湿地，将地球上受威胁最严重的湿地生态系统和水鸟这两者的保护紧密联系在一起。亚洲的湿地丧失和退化导致水鸟数量锐减，相关监测和保护已迫在眉睫。中国科学院联合10个国家的鸟类和生态环境相关研究机构，建立了亚洲最大且拥有自主知识产权的迁徙鸟类运动生态数据库，获得了亚洲大型鸟类迁徙策略和通道的基础数据。研究发现，亚洲20多个国家的大型迁徙水鸟均利用我国的湿地，其集中利用区域不超过国土面积的1.5%，主要分布在6条大河流域的湿地。进而，探讨了湿地面积、涨落区和水文过程与鸟类数量和行为的关联性。“大开发”，尤其是对湿地和水资源的开发，导致了水鸟栖息地丧失和退化、水鸟数量锐减。从全球视角分析，保护迁徙鸟类及其栖息地是人类面临的共同挑战。近年来，我国已对典型湿地开启了成功保护，这也为全球生物多样性保护提供了宝贵的实践经验和信心。最后，文章还提出了关于我国牵头组织全球迁徙鸟类及其栖息地监测和保护的建议。

        The linkage created by migratory birds in time and space and between different global ecosystems, local biodiversity and diverse human culture epitomises the concept of “All Life on Earth”. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, referred to as the Ramsar Convention below, uses bird abundance as a means to identify the relative significance of Wetlands of International Importance, tightly linking the most threatened wetlands on our planet with waterbird conservation. Wetland loss and degradation in Asia has caused a dramatic decrease in waterbird abundance and diversity, underlining the critical need for monitoring and conserving those natural systems that remain. Through close cooperation with 10 other countries, the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has established the largest migratory bird movement ecological database in Asia, with independent intellectual property rights. It contains basic data on the migration strategies and flyways of large-bodied birds in Asia. Analyses of these data have shown that migratory large-bodied birds from over 20 Asian countries have all used wetland habitats in China, and the area of intensive use accounts for less than 1.5% of China's total land area, mainly concentrated in the floodplains of just six river systems. Furthermore, we have identified critical relationships between wetland area, inundation area, hydrological process and bird abundance, diversity and behaviour. Large-scale development of wetland and water resources has caused loss and degradation of waterbird habitat, resulting in dramatic decreases in waterbird numbers. From a global perspective, the conservation of migratory birds and their habitats represents a common challenge for all human beings. In recent years, China has pioneered the successful conservation of its most threatened typical wetlands, which provides valuable practical experience and confidence for global biodiversity conservation. Finally, we make recommendations as to how China can take the lead in organizing global migratory bird monitoring and conservation.