陈拓,张威,刘光琇,李师翁.冰冻圈微生物：机遇与挑战[J].中国科学院院刊,2020,35(4):434-442.

冰冻圈微生物：机遇与挑战

Microbes in Cryosphere: Opportunities and Challenges

陈拓
中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室 兰州 730000
CHEN Tuo
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
张威
中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 甘肃省极端环境微生物资源与工程重点实验室 兰州 730000
ZHANG Wei
Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
刘光琇
中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 甘肃省极端环境微生物资源与工程重点实验室 兰州 730000
LIU Guangxiu
Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
李师翁
中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 甘肃省极端环境微生物资源与工程重点实验室 兰州 730000;兰州交通大学 环境与市政工程学院 兰州 730070
LI Shiweng
Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China

         冰冻圈;微生物;气候变化

        cryosphere;microbes;climate change

        近年来，冰冻圈微生物的研究受到广泛重视。冰冻圈的低温和严酷的生存条件，选择了具有独特适应性和多样性的微生物，这些微生物是地球生命系统和生物多样性的独特组分。冰冻圈微生物大多为冷适应微生物；其中，有许多新微生物类群，是极其重要的物种和基因资源。嗜冷微生物是揭示生物冷适应机制的模式生物，其细胞及细胞组分在低温生物工艺上显示出巨大的应用价值。冰冻圈中也封存着一些古老的未知致病性微生物。冰冻圈是地球上对气候变化最为敏感的圈层，地球的升温正加速冰冻圈的退化和消融，冰冻圈微生物赖以生存的生境正在消失，且伴随着微生物的释放。这些微生物的释放可能是人类面临的不可预知的威胁。因此，亟待开展冰冻圈微生物调查与研究，探讨其对全球变化的响应及其适应机制。

        The cryosphere is one of the biomes on Earth. In recent years, studies on microorganisms in cold habitats has been mainly focused on the Earth's cryosphere, including glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice, lake ice, and permafrost. Most of the microbial groups harboring in cryosphere are cold-adapted microbes, many of which are still unknown. Psychrophiles are important strategy resources in the fields of scientific research and low temperature biotechnology. The cryosphere also seals many unknown ancient pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and virus to animals, plants, and human beings. The cold habitats and harsh conditions in the cryosphere shape the diverse microbial populations that pose unique adaptability for survival in such extreme environments. Since highly sensitive to climate changes, the cryosphere is changing as indicated by the retreat of glaciers and ice sheets as well as permafrost thawing under global warming. The habitats where the microbes of cryosphere survive on are shrinking. The release of these microbes from the cryosphere, such as the glacier and ice retreat and permafrost thawing, might be a great threat to human society. Additionally, frozen ecosystems are also of much interest as analogues of extraterrestrial habitats. Therefore, a deeply understanding of the role and potential of microbial life in cryosphere habitats has become crucial.