高树琴,王竑晟,段瑞,景海春,方精云.关于加大在中低产田发展草牧业的思考[J].中国科学院院刊,2020,35(2):166-174.

关于加大在中低产田发展草牧业的思考

How to Develop Grass-based Livestock Husbandry in Areas of Low- and Middle-yield Fields

高树琴
中国科学院植物研究所 生态草牧业工程实验室 北京 100093
GAO Shuqin
Engineering Laboratory for Grass-based Livestock Husbandry, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
王竑晟
中国科学院 科技促进发展局 北京 100864
WANG Hongsheng
Bureau of Sciences & Technology for Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
段瑞
中国科学院 科技促进发展局 北京 100864
DUAN Rui
Bureau of Sciences & Technology for Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
景海春
中国科学院植物研究所 生态草牧业工程实验室 北京 100093;中国科学院大学 北京 100049
JING Hai-Chun
Engineering Laboratory for Grass-based Livestock Husbandry, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
方精云
中国科学院植物研究所 生态草牧业工程实验室 北京 100093;中国科学院大学 北京 100049
FANG Jingyun
Engineering Laboratory for Grass-based Livestock Husbandry, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

         草牧业;中低产田;盐碱地;黄河三角洲

        Grass-based Livestock Husbandry (GLiH);low- and middle-yielding land;saline-alkali land;the Yellow River Delta

        随着居民对营养健康的要求不断提升，我国牛羊肉的需求量不断增加；而养殖需求带动我国粮食总产量的一半用作饲料粮，畜牧业所需饲草料缺口巨大，进而导致近10年来我国牛羊肉和饲草料的进口量逐年攀升。我国耕地超七成为中低产田，种植传统作物存在产量低而不稳、生产效益较差的问题。我国多个地区的实践证明，通过草-田轮作不仅可以显著提高单位土地面积的干物质产量，而且具有提高土壤肥力、减少病虫害、改善土壤物理性质、降低含盐量等改良中低产田的作用。由于牛、羊均是吃草为主的家畜，通过实施草-田轮作制度，利用部分中低产田发展人工种草养畜拥有巨大潜力。文章初步测算了3种不同轮作制度下，即相当于每年利用17%、20%、25%的中低产田发展人工牧草，每年分别可以生产牛羊肉1 798万吨、2 158万吨和2 698万吨，分别是我国现有牛羊肉年产量的1.6倍、1.9倍和2.4倍。山东省是我国的牛羊养殖大省，但其人工牧草种植面积却远远不够。文章还以黄河三角洲盐碱地为例，测算了其发展草牧业的潜力，并对中低产田发展草牧业提出了具体建议。

        With increasing awareness of balanced and healthy diet, the demand for ruminant products has been drastically increasing in China over the past decades. Grass-based Livestock Husbandry (GLiH), a new paradigm for agricultural restructuring and sustainable development, is highly encouraged to meet such demand. Yet, the country's own production cannot self-support the demand, as envisaged by the soaring import of both red meats and forage products, albeit half of the nation's cereal production is devoted to animal feed and forage crop production area amounts to 12 million ha. With the affluent population and limited arable land, China is facing challenge to explore possible land areas for GLiH development. We argue that one of the effective ways is to transform the lowand middle-yield fields, which account for over 70% of the cultivated lands, into forage crop production. Our analysis indicated that cultivation of forage crops could avoid the risks of low yield and low economic returns frequently occurring for cereal production on such lands. Furthermore, a forage-cereal rotation cropping system can significantly increase dry mass production, reduce the incidence of pest and disease damage, and ameliorate soil physical and chemical properties by improving soil organic matter, soil fertility and reducing salt and alkaline constraints. Three scenarios have been projected for the potential of the exploitation of low- and middleyielding land for livestock production, and the amount of the red meat production is estimated to be 17.98, 21.58, and 26.98 million tons, respectively, which are 1.6, 1.9, and 2.4 times of the current production nationwide. A case study for Shandong Province is further presented, demonstrating that exploring the saline-alkali land at the Yellow River Delta for forage crop production could substantially alleviate the shortage of forage supplies and optimize the agricultural infrastructure of the province.