徐祥德,马耀明,孙婵,魏凤英.青藏高原能量、水分循环影响效应[J].中国科学院院刊,2019,34(11):1293-1305.
青藏高原能量、水分循环影响效应
Effect of Energy and Water Circulation over Tibetan Plateau
青藏高原能量、水分循环影响效应
Effect of Energy and Water Circulation over Tibetan Plateau
作者
徐祥德
中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室 北京 100081
XU Xiangde
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
马耀明
中国科学院青藏高原研究所 北京 100101
MA Yaoming
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
孙婵
中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室 北京 100081
SUN Chan
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
魏凤英
中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室 北京 100081
WEI Fengying
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室 北京 100081
XU Xiangde
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
马耀明
中国科学院青藏高原研究所 北京 100101
MA Yaoming
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
孙婵
中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室 北京 100081
SUN Chan
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
魏凤英
中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室 北京 100081
WEI Fengying
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
中文关键词
青藏高原;亚洲水塔;大气水分循环;热驱动;机制;物理图像
英文关键词
Tibetan Plateau (TP);Asian Water Tower;atmospheric water vapor cycle;thermal forcing;mechanism;physical picture
中文摘要
青藏高原是世界上总辐射量最高的地区，也是全球超太阳常数的极值区域之一。此处形成了一个"嵌入"对流层中部大气的巨大的热源，可以伸展到自由大气，其超越了世界上任何超级城市群落所产生的中空热岛效应，对全球与区域大气环流系统变化的动力"驱动"产生了难以估计的效应。与地形热力过程季节变化密切相关的亚洲夏季风是世界上范围最广和强度最强的季风；从冬季到早春季节转换过程中，由于太阳辐射的影响造成青藏高原大地形感热的"快速响应"及其相对高值动态移动，在盛夏梅雨及其云降水带前沿线恰好停滞于中国"三阶梯"地形分布山地-平原过渡区。此现象表明，青藏高原可能扮演着夏季风过程陆地-海洋-大气相互作用的关键角色。中国区域低云量与总云量极值区均与青藏高原大江大河的源头（长江、澜沧江、雅鲁藏布江等）、中东部湖泊群与冰川集中区空间分布几乎吻合，这表明"亚洲水塔"形成的关键因素与"世界屋脊"特有的云降水结构不可分割。研究表明，青藏高原大气热源对局地与下游区域云降水过程水汽输送流型等均有显著影响。长江流域降水与全国低云量存在一个明显沿长江流域的带状高相关结构，充分表明长江流域降水与上游"亚洲水塔""热驱动"以及对流系统具有重要相关关系。从跨赤道经向环流的视角可发现，夏季南、北半球跨赤道气流低层强偏南、高层强偏北气流出现在东亚地区和北美区域两大地形对应的赤道区，这2个跨赤道极值区恰与青藏高原、落基山高原位置相对应。青藏高原纬向与经向环流圈结构与区域-全球大气环流相关机制，印证了"世界屋脊"隆起大地形的"热驱动"及其对流活动在全球能量、水分循环的作用。青藏高原特殊水汽三维结构分布和跨半球的纬向和经向大气垂直环流图表明青藏高原对全球尺度大气环流变化的贡献显著。文章进一步以东亚、全球水循环的视角，提出了青藏高原作为全球性大气"水塔"的观念，认为在高原地区一个水塔的"供水"和"蓄水"循环体系，特别是高原地表冰川、积雪和湖泊作为"蓄水池"系统，使得所有的河流可作为"输水管道"，将"水塔"的水向周边区域输送出去，高层大气也提供向外输送的渠道。青藏高原特殊的跨半球大气水分循环可构建"世界水塔"与其周边地区独特的水文功能概念，综合描绘了青藏高原"世界水塔"及其地球上一个完整的行星尺度陆地-海洋-大气水分循环物理图像。
英文摘要
The total amount of radiation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest in the world with an extreme area of super solar constant, where a huge heat source "embedded" in the middle troposphere forms a hollow heat island with the effect exceeding any urban agglomerations in the world and an inestimable driving impact on global and regional changes in atmospheric circulation system. In closely association with the seasonal variations of TP's thermal forcing, the Asian summer monsoon is the most widely in the world with the strongest monsoon intensity. The seasonal changes of solar radiation results in a "rapid response" of sensible heat and its dynamic movement over the TP's large terrain. The advancing cold-rainfall belts of East Asian summer monsoon stop just along the mountain-plain boundary area in China's three ladder terrain distribution, indicating that the TP may play key role in summer monsoon process of air-sea-land interactions. The extreme regions of low cloud cover and total cloud cover over China, the sources of large rivers (Yangtze River, Lancang River, Yarlung Zangbo River, etc.) in the TP and the group of lakes and rivers in central-eastern China are spatially almost consistent, reflecting that an inseparable connection of the formation of "Asian Water Tower" and the unique cloud precipitation structure in the TP. The studies revealed that a significant influence of the TP's atmospheric heat source on the cloudprecipitation and water vapor transport pattern in local and downstream areas. The precipitation in the Yangtze River Reaches has an obvious zonal high correlation structure with the low cloud cover over China, the precipitation in the Yangtze River Reaches has an important relation with the thermal divers of upper TP's Asian Water Tower, and convection system. From the perspective of acrossequatorial circulations, it is found that the summertime cross-equatorial lower south and upper-north flows between the northern to southern hemispheric atmosphere appears just in the Asian and the North American regions with the TP and the Rocky Mountains. The TP's zonal and meridional circulation structure and the relevant mechanism of regional and global atmospheric circulation confirm the thermal role of the TP's "roof of the world" and the convection activities in global energy and water circles. The three-dimensional distribution of special water vapor on the TP and the vertical circulation of atmosphere across the hemispheres show that the TP contributes significantly to the change of global atmospheric circulation. A global Water Tower concept in the TP's atmosphere was put forward, and it is believed that the "water supply" and "water storage" system of TP's water tower is built with the "water storage tank" system of the plateau surface glaciers, snow cover and lakes, as well as "water supply pipelines" of rivers transporting water from the water tower to the downstream areas, and the upper atmosphere also provides the channels for outward transport of water vapor from the TP. The TP's special atmospheric water circulation across the hemisphere can establish "water tower of the world" and its surrounding areas the unique hydrological function, which could provide a comprehensive description of physical picture about the TP's "water tower of the world" and the land-sea-air water vapor circulation in global scale.
DOI10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2019.11.012
作者简介
徐祥德 中国工程院院士。中国气象科学研究院研究员,博士生导师。长期探索大气动力学理论,从事台风与暴雨、青藏高原水分循环影响、城市大气环境与边界层等领域研究。主持设计与实施多项大气科学国家重大研究计划与观测试验。主持实施的城市环境研究计划2次被世界气象组织评为城市气象领域全球2个先导性示范项目之一,中国气候观测系统设计亦被列入国际范例。提出青藏高原"热力驱动"水分循环综合模型及其"世界水塔"新认知;拓展青藏高原关键区热源结构及天气气候上游"强信号"影响等系列理论,推进城市环境与青藏高原综合监测、预报系统工程建设。发表国内外SCI期刊与核心以上刊物论文约200篇,出版专著11部、编著10部。
E-mail:xuxd@cma.gov.cn
XU Xiangde Research fellow,Ph.D.supervisor,Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering while engaged in long-term exploration of atmospheric dynamics theory,Xu Xiangde focuses his research areas on typhoon and torrential rain,the influence of water cycle on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and urban atmospheric environment and boundary layers.He has been in charge of the design and implementation of a number of national key research programs and observation experiments,among which the urban environment research program was awarded twice as one of the two pioneering pilot projects in the field of urban meteorology by WMO.The design of China Climate Observing System,also chaired by Xu,has been named as international examples.He has established the synthetic model of "thermally driven" water cycle on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and put forward the new conception of "water tower of the world".Xu Xiangde has also expanded the theories concerning the heat source structure in key areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the influence of "strong signals" from the weather and climate upstream.He has promoted the system engineering construction of both the urban environment and the integrated monitoring and forecasting on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.About 200 papers have been published by him,as the lead author or the second author,in SCI journals or core periodicals both domestic and abroad.He has also published 11 monographs and compiled another 10.In recent years,Xu has been invited three times by Nova Science Publishers to be the co-author or the lead author of their publications.One of the monographs published by Nova,Xu as the lead author,has been included in the Library of Congress,USA.
E-mail:xuxd@cma.gov.cn
孙婵 中国气象科学研究院与南京信息工程大学联合培养博士研究生,主要从事青藏高原气候动力方面的研究。
E-mail:chan_inspiration@163.com
SUN Chan Jointly trained doctoral candidate of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology.She is mainly engaged in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate dynamics research.
E-mail:chan_inspiration@163.com
E-mail:xuxd@cma.gov.cn
XU Xiangde Research fellow,Ph.D.supervisor,Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering while engaged in long-term exploration of atmospheric dynamics theory,Xu Xiangde focuses his research areas on typhoon and torrential rain,the influence of water cycle on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and urban atmospheric environment and boundary layers.He has been in charge of the design and implementation of a number of national key research programs and observation experiments,among which the urban environment research program was awarded twice as one of the two pioneering pilot projects in the field of urban meteorology by WMO.The design of China Climate Observing System,also chaired by Xu,has been named as international examples.He has established the synthetic model of "thermally driven" water cycle on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and put forward the new conception of "water tower of the world".Xu Xiangde has also expanded the theories concerning the heat source structure in key areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the influence of "strong signals" from the weather and climate upstream.He has promoted the system engineering construction of both the urban environment and the integrated monitoring and forecasting on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.About 200 papers have been published by him,as the lead author or the second author,in SCI journals or core periodicals both domestic and abroad.He has also published 11 monographs and compiled another 10.In recent years,Xu has been invited three times by Nova Science Publishers to be the co-author or the lead author of their publications.One of the monographs published by Nova,Xu as the lead author,has been included in the Library of Congress,USA.
E-mail:xuxd@cma.gov.cn
孙婵 中国气象科学研究院与南京信息工程大学联合培养博士研究生,主要从事青藏高原气候动力方面的研究。
E-mail:chan_inspiration@163.com
SUN Chan Jointly trained doctoral candidate of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology.She is mainly engaged in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate dynamics research.
E-mail:chan_inspiration@163.com
