朱立平,张国庆,杨瑞敏,刘翀,阳坤,乔宝晋,韩博平.青藏高原最近40年湖泊变化的主要表现与发展趋势[J].中国科学院院刊,2019,34(11):1254-1263.

青藏高原最近40年湖泊变化的主要表现与发展趋势

Lake Variations on Tibetan Plateau of Recent 40 Years and Future Changing Tendency

朱立平
中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地表过程与环境变化实验室 北京 100101;中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心 北京 100101;中国科学院大学 北京 100049
ZHU Liping
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
张国庆
中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地表过程与环境变化实验室 北京 100101
ZHANG Guoqing
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
杨瑞敏
兰州大学 资源环境学院 兰州 730000
YANG Ruimin
College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
刘翀
中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地表过程与环境变化实验室 北京 100101;中国科学院大学 北京 100049
LIU Chong
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
阳坤
中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心 北京 100101;清华大学 地球系统科学系 北京 100080
YANG Kun
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Earth System Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100080, China
乔宝晋
中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地表过程与环境变化实验室 北京 100101;郑州大学 地球科学与技术学院 郑州 450001
QIAO Baojin
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
韩博平
暨南大学 生态学系 广州 510632
HAN Boping
Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China

         青藏高原;亚洲水塔;湖泊变化;湖水理化参数;浮游生物;西风;印度季风

        Tibetan Plateau;Asian Water Tower;lake variations;physical and chemical index of lake water;plankton;The Westerlies;Indian monsoon

        青藏高原的湖泊面积超过我国湖泊总面积的50%以上，是"亚洲水塔"的重要组成部分。20世纪70年代-2018年，湖泊数量和面积均出现明显增长，但变化速率并不均一。1990年之前，低温抑制冰川融水导致湖泊水量出现负平衡。1990-2000年，温度升高使得冰川融水和湖泊水量增加。2000年以后，降水是导致湖泊水量增加的主要因素，但2005-2013年的连续气温上升，使得蒸发加强并削弱了湖泊水量增加的速率。在青藏高原中西部和西北部地区，2000-2013年的湖泊水量增加则更多是受冰川融水的主要影响。20世纪70年代-2013年，青藏高原湖泊水量变化的空间特征与西风和印度季风区降水变化趋势一致。气温上升和增加的长波辐射使得湖泊水温明显增加，并促进了食物链的传输效率。随着湖泊水量增加，湖泊盐度普遍下降，继而增加了生物多样性，使湖泊生态系统结构相对复杂。未来20年，青藏高原内陆封闭湖泊水量将继续增长，但速率将有所下降。对"亚洲水塔"而言，青藏高原的湖泊研究应聚焦宏观尺度的水量赋存与水量平衡、湖水主要理化性质与生态系统参数，以及湖泊变化在大尺度气候变化中的水循环作用过程。

        The Tibetan Plateau lakes, with more than 50% area of the total lakes in China, are an important part of the Asia Water Tower. From 1970s to 2018, the number and area of lakes increased obviously, but the changing rate was not uniform. Before 1990, the negative balance of lake water storage was caused by low temperature inhibition of melting water. From 1990 to 2000, lake water storage increased associated with increased melting water due to the rising of temperature. After 2000, precipitation was the main factor leading to the increase of lake water storage, but the continuous temperature rising during 2005 and 2013 strengthened evaporation and weakened the increasing rate of lake water storage. Nevertheless, in the central and western Tibetan Plateau, the increase of lake water storage during 2000 and 2013 was mainly contributed by glacier melt water. From 1970s to 2013, the spatial characteristics of the lake water storage changes on the Tibetan Plateau were consistent with that of precipitation in the westerly and Indian monsoon regions. The increase of air temperature and long-wave radiation make the lake water temperature increase obviously, and promote the transmission efficiency of food chain. With the lake water storage increase, the lake water salinity generally decreases, which conduce the increase of lake biological diversity and make the lake ecosystem structure relatively complex. In the next 20 years, the lake water storage in the inland closed lakes of the Tibetan Plateau will continue to increase while the increasing rate will decrease. For the "Asian Water Tower", the lake study on the Tibetan Plateau should focus on macroscale water storage and water balance, the main physical and chemical properties of lake water and ecosystem parameters, as well as the water cycle process of lake changes in large-scale climate change.