鲍鸥.历经百年沧桑 打造科技基础——俄罗斯(包括苏联)建设科技强国之路[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(5):527-538.

历经百年沧桑 打造科技基础——俄罗斯(包括苏联)建设科技强国之路

Building the S&T Foundation for Hundreds of Years—Russia's (Including the Soviet Union) Way to a Major S&T Power
作者
鲍鸥
清华大学 社会科学学院科技与社会研究所 北京 100084
BAO Ou
Institute of Science, Technology and Society at Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
中文关键词
         科技强国;俄罗斯(苏联);国家化科技体制;俄罗斯科学文化;科技创新生态系统
英文关键词
        major S&T power;Russia (Soviet Union);nationalized S&T system;Russian scientific culture;S&T innovation ecosystem
中文摘要
        能运用科技实力,捍卫国家主权,保护国民利益,维护世界和平是科技强国的本质属性。自彼得一世起,从17世纪末到20世纪末,俄罗斯(包括苏联)的国家元首均以强国为目标,规划、选择性发展科学和技术,通过实施“国家化”工程,创建了具有俄罗斯(苏联)特色的国家化科技体制,并跻身于世界科技强国之列。国家化科技体制是由国家元首直接领导的,自上而下的严格管控和快速信息反馈系统,拥有“政—军—工—科—教”五位一体的国家化刚性结构,起到凝聚国家综合实力、维护国家安全、有效应对危机、为世界科技发展作贡献的作用,是实现科技强国的重要保障。但是,该体制存在先天缺陷:缺少以利益、资本驱动的创新要素,把削弱或牺牲共同体成员的个体自由作为自身有效运行的先决条件。苏联解体,俄罗斯的国家化科技体制受到重创,其科技强国地位岌岌可危。但是,俄罗斯并没有完全被打垮,因为其拥有积累了近300年的俄罗斯科学文化。当前,俄罗斯正在积极调整科技战略,恢复国家化科技体制,在俄罗斯科学文化的“沃土”上,植入创新要素,培育出具有内生动力的科技创新生态系统,再造科技强国。相比之下,中国科学文化的“土质”相对贫瘠,仍需沉淀厚养,以实现科技强国的目标。
英文摘要
        Using science and technology to defend state sovereignty, protect national interests, and maintain world peace is the essential character of a power of science and technology. Since Peter I, the leaders of Russia (including Soviet Union) from the late 1600s to the late twentieth century had been planning and selectively developing S&T with the goal of developing a powerful country. Through the implementation of the “nationalization” project, a nationalized S&T system with Russian (Soviet) characteristics was created, and Russia became one of the major S&T powers in the world. The nationalized S&T system under direct leadership of the head of the State is a rapid information feedback system with strict top-down control. It has a nationalized rigid structure—“politics, military, industry, science and education,” five-in-one, playing an important role in condensing national comprehensive strength, maintaining national security, effectively managing crisis, and contributing to global S&T development. It was an important safeguard for making Russia into a major S&T power. However, the system has congenital defects: it lacks of innovation elements driven by interest and capital; it weakens or sacrifices the freedom of community members to guarantee its effective operation. The collapse of the Soviet Union seriously hit Russia's nationalized S&T system and the status of Russia as a major S&T power was in jeopardy. Russia, however, has not been completely defeated because of its three centuries' scientific culture. At present, adjusting and relying on its rigid nationalized S&T system, Russia implants innovative elements in the “fertile soil” of Russian scientific culture, fostering an endogenous technological innovation ecosystem and reconstructing a major S&T power. In contrast, the “soil quality” of Chinese scientific culture is relatively poor, which needs further accumulation and cultivation to support the goal of building China into a major S&T power.
DOI10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2018.05.010
作者简介
鲍鸥 清华大学社会科学学院科技与社会(STS)研究所副教授、博士生导师,清华大学中俄战略合作研究所科技室主任。1983年在北京师范学院(现“首都师范大学”)化学系获理学学士学位。1988年在北京师范大学哲学系获哲学硕士学位,留校任哲学系助教、讲师、自然辩证法教研室副主任。1997年在俄罗斯科学院哲学所获哲学博士学位。2002年起至今在清华大学科技与社会所工作,博士后、讲师、副教授。研究方向:中俄科技文化比较研究、科技史、工程哲学、安全文化等。中俄和平、友好与发展委员会教育理事会理事;中国科学技术史学会理事;中国自然辩证法研究会理事;俄罗斯《科学社会学》杂志国外编委。
E-mail: baoou@tsinghua.edu.cn
BAO Ou Associate Professor and Ph.D. supervisor of the Institute of Science, Technology and Society (STS), Tsinghua University; Scientific Director of Tsinghua Sino-Russian Strategic Cooperation Institute. She received a Bachelor of Science in 1983 from the Chemistry Department of Beijing Normal College (now is “Capital Normal University”) and a Master of Philosophy in 1988 from the Philosophy Department of Beijing Normal University, where she was appointed Assistant Professor, lecturer, and vice Director of the Nature Dialectics Department. In 1997, she received a Ph.D. from the Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences (the IP, RAS). Since 2000, she has been the visiting researcher of the Institute of History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences (the IHST, RAS). BAO's service at Institute of STS at Tsinghua University started from 2002, first as a postdoctoral, then lecturer and now Associate Professor. Her research interests include:comparative study of science and culture between China and Russia, history of science and technology, engineering philosophy, safety culture, and so on. BAO Ou is a committee member of the Education Council of the Sino-Russian Committee for Peace, Friendship, and Development, a director of the Chinese Society for History of Science and Technology, a director of the Chinese Society for Dialectics of Nature/Philosophy of Nature, Science and Technology and a foreign editor for the Russian journal of Sociology of Science.
E-mail: baoou@tsinghua.edu.cn
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