朱教君,闫巧玲,于立忠,张金鑫,杨凯,高添.根植森林生态研究与试验示范,支撑东北森林生态保护恢复与可持续发展[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(1):107-118.

根植森林生态研究与试验示范,支撑东北森林生态保护恢复与可持续发展

Support Ecological Restoration and Sustainable Management of Forests in Northeast China Based on Research of Forest Ecology and Demonstrations

朱教君
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016;中国科学院清原森林生态系统观测研究站 沈阳 110016
ZHU Jiaojun
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
闫巧玲
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016;中国科学院清原森林生态系统观测研究站 沈阳 110016
YAN Qiaoling
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
于立忠
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016;中国科学院清原森林生态系统观测研究站 沈阳 110016
YU Lizhong
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
张金鑫
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016;中国科学院清原森林生态系统观测研究站 沈阳 110016
ZHANG Jinxin
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
杨凯
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016;中国科学院清原森林生态系统观测研究站 沈阳 110016
YANG Kai
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
高添
中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016;中国科学院清原森林生态系统观测研究站 沈阳 110016
GAO Tian
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

         次生林生态系统;森林生态系统管理;功能提升;林下资源高效利用

        secondary forest ecosystem;forest ecosystem management;functional promotion;efficient utilization of non-wood resources

        由于长期破坏性干扰，次生林已成为森林资源主体。1998年特大洪灾后，人们认识到天然林的重要性，国家先后实施了天然林保护工程和全面禁止天然林商业性采伐等保护措施；与此同时，原来以木材采伐为主业的林农则面临失业。在此背景下，如何保护与恢复现有次生林生态系统、合理利用现有森林资源，推动林区经济转型，向科研工作提出了新的需求。中科院清原森林生态系统观测研究站（简称“清原站”）自建站以来，根植于我国温带次生林生态系统，开展了水、土、气、生等生态要素的长期监测，森林生态学和森林培育学等基础研究，以及次生林生态系统保护、恢复和林下资源高效利用等应用研究；并通过试验示范与技术推广，为东北森林生态保护、恢复与可持续发展提供了科技支撑。取得的主要进展：（1）突破林分/林窗结构精准量化技术和方法，确定了基于林分垂直分层结构调控原理的次生林恢复和林下参培育技术；（2）明确了自然干扰过程及其生态学意义，提出人工模拟自然干扰（林窗）促进次生林生态系统恢复和林下中草药栽培利用技术方案；（3）揭示了次生林建群树种共存机制，并应用于次生林林窗更新和林下山野菜培育技术；（4）确定了次生林生态系统中落叶松人工林生产力维持的凋落物机制，提出生态系统功能提升和林下林蛙养殖存活率提高技术。上述研究成果不仅为我国生态安全建设与温带森林保护、恢复与资源高效利用提供了基础理论和技术支撑，也使得清原站成为温带森林生态系统研究成果转化基地和开展国内外合作研究的重要平台。

        The secondary forest or second-growth forest, originated from natural regeneration after the destructive disturbances of original forests induced by human beings (e.g., long-term and large-scale logging) or by natural extreme events, has become the major forest resource worldwide. Since the flood disasters happened in the Yangtze River and Nen River in 1998, the Chinese government began to realize the importance of natural forests and started to implement the Natural Forest Conservation Project. A more rigorous protection measure of comprehensive ban on commercial logging in natural forests was implemented in 2016. As a result, the forest farmers, whose main business was timber harvesting, are facing unemployment. In such context, the new requirements for scientific research work have been put forward to indicate how to protect and restore the existing secondary forest ecosystem, and how to make rational use of existing forest resources and promote the economic transformation in forest regions. Since its establishment in 2003, Qingyuan Forest CERN (Qingyuan Forest) of Chinese Academy of Sciences has been conducting the long-term monitoring of the ecological elements (including water, soil, atmosphere, and biotic factors), the basic researches on forest ecology and silviculture, as well as the applied researches on the conservation and restoration of the temperate secondary forest ecosystem and efficient utilization of non-wood resources by experimental demonstration and technology promotion. All of these important progresses have provided scientific and technological support for the ecological conservation, restoration, and sustainable development of forests in Northeast China. Significant research achievements include the precision quantification technology/method of forest stand/gap structure, and the development of the technologies for the restoration of secondary forests and the cultivation of Panax ginseng under forest canopy based on the regulation principle of vertically stratified structure of forest stands, the clarification of the natural disturbance processes and its ecological significance, and the development of the techniques for promoting the restoration of secondary forest ecosystems and cultivation and utilization of Chinese herbal medicine under forest canopy by simulating natural disturbance (e.g., forming forest gaps). The researchers in Qingyuan Forest also revealed the coexistence mechanism of dominant tree species in secondary forests and applied it to the techniques of promoting forest gap regeneration and cultivation of wild vegetables under forest canopy. They also indicated the mechanism of forest litter for maintaining productivity of larch plantations in the secondary forest ecosystem, and developed measures for improving water conservation function of the forest ecosystem, and increased the survival rate of Rana chensinensis breeding under the forest canopy. The above progresses have provided the basic theory and technical support for ecological security construction and protection, restoration of resource capacity and efficient utilization of resources in temperate forests. These research and extension activities have made Qingyuan Forest an important platform to carry out the cooperative researches at home and abroad and a center for generating and transferring scientific knowledge for forest restoration and sustainable management in temperate forest ecosystems.