董光璧.中国科学传统及其世界意义[J].中国科学院院刊,2015,30(5):645-659.

中国科学传统及其世界意义

Chinese Science Tradition and Its Significance for the World

董光璧
中国科学院自然科学史研究所 北京 100190
Dong Guangbi
Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

         中华文明;中国科学;百家争鸣;四大发明;儒学;道学;格致学

        Chinese civilization;Chinese science;the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought;the four great inventions;Confucianism;Taoism;Gezhi science

        中华文明经过夏、商、周三代的发展,在百家争鸣的春秋战国时期奠定了科学的理性基础.在君主专制的体制和儒道互补的思想背景下发展的中国科学技术,在秦汉时期形成自己的诸学科范式,其后经历了南北朝、北宋和晚明三次高峰期,在从"农业文明"向"工业文明"转变的过程中开始落伍.北宋以来沿着自己传统的科学近代化趋势,由于"靖康之变"、"甲申鼎革"和"虎门销烟"相继三次挫折而泯灭,最终通过移植西学而融入世界科学体系.在人类文明的广泛交流和融合过程中,中国科学的传播以及它作为中华文明接受外来文明的基础之一而成为世界科学技术史的一部分.

        Having developed for three Dynasties, namely Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties, Chinese civilization laid a rational basis of science attributed to the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. Under the autocratic monarchy system and a cultural background in which Confucianism and Taoism complemented in each other's advancement, traditional Chinese science and technology formed Discipline Paradigm of their own in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and later experienced three peaks that appeared successively in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty, and the late Ming Dynasty, but began to fall in the process of transformation from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the modernization tendency along its own direction experienced setbacks due to the successive "Jingkang Incident","Jiashen Change", and "Burning of Opium Stocks in Humen". Eventually, Chinese science tradition was integrated into the world system of science by the transplantation of Western learning. In the process of extensive exchanges and fusion for human civilization, the dissemination of Chinese science and as one of the foundations of that Chinese civilization accepts foreign civilization, Chinese science becomes a part of the history of world's science and technology.