基础科学研究中实验与理论关系探析

On relationship between experiment and theory in basic scientific research

        孙昌璞(中国工程物理研究院研究生院 北京 100193)

         科学哲学|证伪主义|贝叶斯主义|渐进可证伪性|双盲实验|量子模拟|科学精神

        philosophy of science|falsificationism|Bayesianism|progressive falsifiability|double-blind experiment|quantum simulation|scientific spirit

        理解基础科学研究中的实验如何“证实”理论，对于坚持科学精神和推动科技创新至关重要。周光召早年对此有重要的论述。文章从科学哲学的角度进一步分析这一问题：从贝叶斯主义的视角推导出证伪主义，为科学理论与实验之间关系的正确处理提供了一种哲学上的理解。联系物理学中理论与实验的关系，文章提出了渐进可证伪性的观点，强调通过贝叶斯主义方法，实验能够更新理论的后验概率，以“定量”的方式逐步接近科学真理。此外，探讨了物理学中理论如何影响实验设计和数据采集，分析了量子模拟结果为何难以证伪，以及双盲实验在物理学中实践可证伪性所面临的逻辑挑战。最后，强调，只有坚持科学精神和学术诚信，才能避免由此产生的学术灰色地带。

        Understanding how experiments in basic scientific research “confirm” theories is crucial for upholding the spirit of science and fostering technological innovation. Mr. Zhou Guangzhao conducted an in-depth discussion on this topic in his early work. This study further analyzes the issue from the perspective of the philosophy of science. We derive falsificationism from a Bayesian perspective, providing a philosophical understanding of the proper handling of the relationship between scientific theory and experiment. By examining the relationship between theory and experiment in physics, this study proposes a philosophy of science concept of progressive falsifiability, emphasizing that through Bayesian methods, experiments can update the posterior probability of theories, thereby quantitatively approaching scientific truth. Additionally, the study explores how theory influences experimental design and data collection in physics, analyzes why quantum simulation results are difficult to falsify, and discusses the logical challenges faced by the practice of falsifiability in double-blind experiments in physics. Finally, it emphasizes that only by adhering to the spirit of science and academic integrity can we avoid the academic gray areas that may arise.