有效碳成本约束：环境、成本和激励有效性的统一

Effective carbon cost constraints: Unity of environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and incentive effectiveness

        孙永平^1,3(华中科技大学 国家治理研究院 武汉 430074;碳排放权交易省部共建协同创新中心 武汉 430205)
        蒋经宁^2*(华中科技大学 经济学院 武汉 430074)
        张欣宇²(华中科技大学 经济学院 武汉 430074)

         碳排放权交易;有效成本约束;环境有效性;成本有效性;激励有效性

        carbon emissions trading;effective cost constraint;environmental effectiveness;cost effectiveness;incentive effectiveness

        碳市场是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要政策工具，对于推动我国绿色低碳技术创新性发展，实现国家自主贡献目标，以及提升全球气候领导力具有重要意义。虽然碳市场的核心功能是碳定价，但只有当碳约束成本处于合理范围内时，碳价格信号才能更好地发挥资源配置的“指挥棒”作用，从而实现从碳减排到可持续发展等一系列目标。环境有效性、成本有效性和激励有效性是评价碳市场有效性的3个重要维度，任何1个维度的缺失都可能导致无效碳成本约束。实现环境有效性就必须设置有雄心的配额总量，并逐步引入和提高有偿配额比例；实现成本有效性就必须扩展碳市场的覆盖范围和降低交易成本；实现激励有效性就必须维持碳价格的稳定，并逐步提高碳价格，扩大碳资产池的规模。环境有效性、成本有效性和激励有效性既是评价碳市场有效性的3个重要维度，也是碳市场制度建设的3个重要目标，必须注重它们之间的协调配合和实现时序。

        The carbon market serves as a crucial policy tool in the pursuit of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. It holds significant importance in driving the innovation of green and low-carbon technologies in China, facilitating the realization of nationally determined contributions, and bolstering China’s global leadership in climate action. The core function of the carbon market is carbon pricing, which can only be effective and achieve various objectives like carbon emissions reduction and sustainable development when carbon costs are reasonably constrained. Environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and incentive effectiveness are three important dimensions to evaluate the effectiveness of the carbon market, and the absence of any one of the three may lead to ineffective carbon cost constraints. To achieve environmental effectiveness, it is necessary to set an ambitious cap, and gradually introduce and increase the proportion of paid allowances; to achieve cost effectiveness, it is necessary to expand the coverage of the carbon market and reduce transaction costs; to achieve incentive effectiveness, it is necessary to maintain the stability of carbon prices and gradually increase carbon prices to expand the scale of carbon asset pools. Environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and incentive effectiveness, the three important dimensions to evaluate the effectiveness of the carbon market, are also three significant goals to construct the institutional system of the carbon market. Therefore, careful attention must be paid to coordinating and realizing environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and incentive effectiveness, while considering implementation timing.