我国橡胶树育种的技术瓶颈与创新发展建议

Technological bottlenecks and innovative developments for rubber tree breeding in China

        孙永帅(中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 西双版纳 666303)
        田维敏*(中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 西双版纳 666303)
        翟德利(中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 西双版纳 666303)
        杨永平*(中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 西双版纳 666303)

         橡胶树高产抗逆品种;全基因组选择育种;高世代种子园;育种群体规模

        rubber tree cultivars with high-yield potential and stress-tolerance;genomic selection breeding;high-generation seed orchard;breeding population size

        橡胶树优良品种是实现天然橡胶稳产保供的核心要素。我国植胶区地处热带北缘，属于非传统植胶区，气候等条件劣于东南亚传统植胶区，致使已种植的橡胶树频繁遭受低温寒害和病害，因而生产上急需高产抗逆品种。导致橡胶树高产抗逆品种贫乏的主要原因包括：橡胶树基因组高度杂合、童期长和异花授粉等特性，使得高产性状和抗逆性状不易聚合；橡胶树育种的选择方法效率低，不仅杂交分离群体小，而且依赖长期大田鉴定。建议：应用全基因组选择育种理念，尽快构建橡胶树高世代种子园，以实现多性状聚合育种；设立专门的技术支撑岗位持续扩大育种群体规模，打造橡胶树高效育种技术体系。

        Superior varieties of rubber trees are crucial elements in achieving stable production and supply of natural rubber. In China, rubber tree planting areas are situated at the northern edga of the world’s tropical zone and thus belong to non-traditional rubber tree planting areas with climatic conditions inferior to the traditional ones in Southeast Asia. The planted rubber trees are frequently damaged by low temperatures and diseases. Therefore, an urgent need in natural rubber production is to develop varieties with highyield potential and strong stress-tolerance. The scarcity of such varieties is mainly ascribed to the highly heterozygous genome, a long juvenile period, and highly cross-pollination, making it difficult to integrate high-yielding traits and stress-tolerant traits. Furthermore, breeding selection efficiency is quite low, mainly due to the small size of hybrid segregant populations and long-term field work in the identification and selection of superior varieties. To address these challenges, it is recommended to apply the concept of genomic selection breeding to establish an efficient rubber tree breeding technology system. This can be achieved by establishing a highgeneration rubber tree seed orchard to continuously expand the breeding population size and realize multi-trait integration. By doing so, new and improved varieties of rubber trees can be developed with high-yield potential and strong stress-tolerance, ensuring stable production and supply of natural rubber in non-traditional planting areas like China.