中国芯片产业如何跨越“中等技术陷阱”？

How does China's chip industry overcome middle-technology trap?

        谭锐(华南理工大学 公共政策研究院 广州 510640)

         中国;芯片;集成电路;半导体

        China;chip;integrated circuit;semiconductor

        由于中国对芯片产业的高度重视和大力支持，中国的芯片技术水平有了长足的进步，但是与美国、日本、韩国与欧洲等国家和地区相比，仍然存在较大的差距，中国在中高端芯片产品市场上受制于人的情况还没有根本改变。文章认为，想要解决中国芯片技术的“卡脖子”问题，需要着手分析内部体制性因素。中国芯片技术进步需要多个行为主体，包括政府、企业、高校和科研院所等共同推动。这些行为主体在推动技术进步的过程中有不同的动机，并面临着不同的制度约束，因而推动技术进步的效果不同。文章对阻碍各行为主体推动技术进步过程中的障碍性因素进行了详细的分析。文章认为，中国的芯片产业技术要实现更大的进步，就必须进行更广泛、更深刻的改革，集中优势资源攻克技术难题，避免资源浪费，有效利用产业政策，并将市场化企业放在技术创新系统的核心位置。

        Due to China’s great attention to and strong support for the chip industry, China’s chip technology level has made considerable progress. Nevertheless, compared with the United States, Europe, Japan, South Korea, and other countries, there is still a big gap. Specially, in the high-end chip product market, the scenario that China is subject to others has not been fundamentally changed. This study finds that to solve the stuck neck problem of China’s chip industry, it is needed to analyze internal institutional factors. China’s chip technology progress requires joint promotion from multiple actors, namely, government, enterprises, universities and research institutions to jointly promote. In the process of technological progress, these actors have different motives and face different institutional constraints, with such motives and collaboration, the technological progress could be effectively promoted. This study analyzes the obstacles in the process of impeding various actors to promote technological progress in detail. It is concluded that in order to achieve greater progress in China’s chip industrial technology, it is necessary to carry out more extensive and profound reforms, binding advantageous resources together to overcome technical problems, avoid resource waste, effectively use industrial policies, and put market-oriented enterprises at the core of the technological innovation system.