林火碳排放的影响与减缓对策

Impacts of forest fire carbon emission and mitigation strategies

        刘志华¹(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016)
        贺红士²(东北师范大学 地理科学学院 长春 130024)
        徐文茹¹(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016)
        梁宇¹(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016)
        朱教君^1*(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016)
        王高峰¹(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016)
        魏伟³(中国科学院上海高等研究院 上海 201210)
        王自发⁴(中国科学院大气物理研究所 北京 100029)
        韩永明⁵(中国科学院地球环境研究所 西安 710061)

         野火;碳排放;气候变化;碳中和

        wildfire;carbon emission;climate change;carbon neutrality

        2002—2020年，全球野火每年约排放73.2亿吨二氧化碳（CO₂），为化石燃料排放CO₂的18.5%；其中，林火碳排放约占野火碳排放20%左右（15亿吨CO₂）。近年来，随着气候变化和人类活动加剧，林火释放的CO₂呈增加趋势。例如，2023年5月以来的加拿大林火，截至8月29日已累计排放12.68亿吨CO₂。我国在实现森林面积和蓄积量“双增长”的背景下，自2010年以来林火发生次数和面积显著减小，为减少林火碳排放、应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献。鉴于林火已成为不可忽视的温室气体排放源，需要建立全面、客观、公正的碳排放监测与计量系统，兼顾人类活动（如化石燃料排放、工业排放）和自然林火碳排放；特别是通过采取减少林火发生频率、降低火灾强度等有效手段，降低林火碳排放。针对极端林火预测和防控的世界性难题，急需构建林火风险识别、预警-预测和防控技术体系，并加强林火过程碳排放研究，建立更加科学、全面、自主可控的碳核算体系。

        Between 2000 and 2020, global wildfires contributed to approximately 7.32 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, accounting for about 18.5% of CO₂ emissions released from fossil fuels. Forest fires alone contributed to around 20% of these wildfire emissions, approximately 1.5 billion metric tons of CO₂. Due to climate change and human activities, carbon emissions from forest fires are on the rise. For example, the 2023 Canadian fires have emitted 1.268 billion metric tons of CO₂ up to August 29th. Despite the simultaneous increase in forest area and volume, the frequency and extent of forest fires have significantly decreased in China since 2010, which has made a significant contribution to global carbon emission reduction. Given forest fires have become a significant global carbon emission source, a comprehensive, objective, and fair carbon emission monitoring and accounting system that considers carbon emissions from both human activities and forest fires should be established. At the same time, effective measures should be taken to reduce the occurrence frequency and intensity of wildfires to lower carbon emissions from forest fires. To address the challenges of predicting and preventing extreme forest fire behavior, it is essential to develop a forest fire risk identification, early warning, prediction, and prevention technology system. Additionally, research should be devoted to carbon emissions from wildfires, aiming to establish a more scientific, comprehensive, and domestically controllable carbon accounting system.