美国智能制造的发展及启示

The Development and Enlightenment of American Intelligent Manufacturing
作者
        孙毅 罗穆雄
中文关键词
         美国,智能制造,制造业,创新研究所,制造业拓展伙伴,政策
英文关键词
        United States, intelligent manufacturing, innovation institute, manufacturing extension partnership, policy
中文摘要
        随着新一轮科技革命和产业变革的兴起,我国经济正处于经济结构转型的重要战略机遇期。作为工业大国,制造业转型升级成为驱动经济高质量发展,实现以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局的重要抓手。与长期以来对美国重视虚拟经济、轻视实体经济的认知相反,自2010年至今,美国奥巴马、特朗普和拜登3届政府都将振兴美国制造业、激发美国制造业创新活力作为保障美国经济领先地位的核心战略,并通过《2014年振兴美国制造业和创新法案》《国家制造业创新网络》《2021年美国创新和竞争法案》等一系列政策完善了美国智能制造的顶层设计,为美国智能制造提供了政策支持与指导意见。文章以智能制造为切入点,系统梳理了自奥巴马政府以来美国智能制造政策的演化过程,重点分析了美国制造业创新研究所与制造业拓展伙伴计划两大典型实践,总结了美国制造业转型升级的经验,旨在为我国的制造业转型升级提供借鉴。为推进我国智能制造发展,基于美国的政策及相应实践,结合我国国情与产业基础,梳理总结了美国智能制造政策对推进我国政策改进的6点启示:(1)加强政府的引领作用,完善智能制造顶层设计;(2)培育智能制造生态系统,扶植中小企业发展;(3)增强自主创新能力,推动关键性技术的发现与商业化进程;(4)深化开放合作,促进知识的共享与融合;(5)改革考核评估体系,优化创新资源配置;(6)完善教育与培训体系,强化智能制造人才培养机制。
英文摘要
        With the coming of technological and industrial revolution, China’s economy step into a period with strategic opportunities, where the economic structure faces a series of challenges. As an industrial power, the transformation and upgrade of manufacturing industry has become an important channel driving high-quality economic growth and realizing the dual circulation in which domestic circulation is prioritized and domestic-international circulations mutually reinforce each other. Contrary to situation that United States values virtual economy and neglects real economy in a long term, the administrations of Obama, Trump and Biden consider the strategy revitalizing manufacturing industry as the core industrial strategy since 2010. Policies, like Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014, National Network for Manufacturing Innovation, United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021, etc., have achieved the expected objectives good results. From the perspective of intelligent manufacturing, this study systematically analyzes the evolution of United States’ intelligent manufacturing policy since the Obama administration, focuses on two practices of American Manufacturing Innovation Institute and Manufacturing Extension Partnership, and further summarizes the experience of United States’ intelligent manufacturing. To promote the development of intelligent manufacturing of China, this research based on policies and practices corresponding to United States, China’s national conditions and industrial foundation, summarizes 6 enlightenments of American intelligent manufacturing policy for China: (1) emphasizing the leading role of the government and consummating the top-level design of intelligent manufacturing; (2) cultivating intelligent manufacturing ecosystem and supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises; (3) enhancing the ability of independent innovation and promoting the process of discovery and commercialization of key technologies; (4) sustaining openness and cooperation of the manufacturing system, accelerating knowledge sharing and integration; (5) reforming the evaluation system and optimizing the allocation of innovation resources; (6) improving the education and training system, strengthening the training mechanism of intelligent manufacturing talents.
作者简介
孙毅
中国科学院大学继续教育学院副院长、经济与管理学院虚拟商务系副主任、副 教授、硕士生导师。主要研究领域:数字经济、智能制造、金融科技等。主持国家级课 题 4 项、大型企业委托课题 2 项,并多次参与国家发展和改革委员会、财政部、科学技 术部、国务院发展研究中心政策制定及调查研究,发表论文 20 余篇。 E-mail: suny@ucas.ac.cn
SUN Yi
Vice Dean at School of Continuing Education; Deputy director, associate professor at School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Main research areas: digital economy, behavioral finance, fintech, etc. He has presided over 4 national projects and 2 projects commissioned by large enterprises. Meanwhile, he also participated in the policy formulation and investigation research of National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science and Technology, and Development Research Center of the State Council for many times, and published more than 20 papers. E-mail: suny@ucas.ac.cn
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