东北黑土保护性耕作技术的研究与实践

Research and Practice of Conservation Tillage in Black Soil Region of Northeast China
作者
        敖曼1(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 长春 130102)
        张旭东2*(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 沈阳 110016)
        关义新1*(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 长春 130102)
中文关键词
         黑土;保护;利用;保护性耕作;梨树模式
英文关键词
        black soil;conservation;utilization;conservation tillage;Lishu model
中文摘要
        相对于世界其他黑土区由于犁耕、秸秆翻埋耕作而引起的土壤退化,我国东北黑土区以旋耕、秸秆离田、秸秆田间焚烧为主的常规耕作导致的土壤退化问题更为严峻。以秸秆覆盖还田少/免耕为核心的保护性耕作技术是黑土保护与利用最为重要的一种技术。文章简述了保护性耕作的由来、定义、国外成熟的技术模式及其在我国推广实施中存在的问题。总结了15年来以中国科学院为核心的科研团队,联合吉林省农业部门、高校、地方农业科学院等相关单位,攻克保护性耕作技术在东北黑土地实施的难关,研发高性能免耕播种机和条带耕作机,以及秸秆覆盖还田宽窄行免耕、条带耕作、垄作少耕等技术,总结形成东北黑土地保护性耕作的“梨树模式”并进行示范推广的历程。同时,对保护性耕作技术在我国东北地区广泛应用后的效果进行了展望。
英文摘要
        Compared with soil degradation of black soil of other areas in the world, which caused by conventional tillage regarding as ploughed with residue return, soil degradation in Northeast China caused by rotary-till and residue remove or burning is more serious. Conservation tillage with residue cover and no or reduced tillage is one of the most important techniques for the protection and utilization of black soil. This paper briefly presents the derivation and definition of conservation tillage, and its main techniques in the world, as well as the issue of application and extension in China. Over the past 15 years, the expert team from Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), together with Jilin Province's agricultural sector, universities, local academies of science, and other related units, overcame the barrier of demonstration and extension of conservation tillage in black soil region in Northeast China. They developed high performance no-till planter and strip-tiller, and proposed the techniques of wide-narrow row no-till, strip-till, ridge-till in Northeast China. This innovative application of conservation tillage in Northeast China is called Lishu model, and the effects of its wide extension in Northeast China is prospected.
DOI10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20210816002
作者简介
敖曼 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所高级工程师。主要从事玉米育种及黑土地保护性耕作"梨树模式"的研究工作,为中国科学院"黑土粮仓"科技会战梨树万亩示范点的负责人。
E-mail:aoman@iga.ac.cn
AO Man Senior Engineer of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology (IGA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). She engages in the research of corn breeding and Lishu model of conservation tillage, corresponding for the Lishu Demonstration Project of Science and Technology Project for Black Soil Granary of CAS.
E-mail:aoman@iga.ac.cn
张旭东 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所研究员、博士生导师。中国土壤学会第十二届、十三届副理事长,国际土壤联合会土壤退化、控制、修复与改良专业委员会副主席,全国优秀科技工作者,国务院政府特殊津贴获得者。长期主要从事农田生态系统碳、氮循环微生物转化过程、机制和调控研究。
E-mail:zhangxudong@iae.ac.cn
ZHANG Xudong Professor at the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Former Vice Precedent of the Soil Science Society of China. He also serves as Vice President of the Commission of Soil Degradation Control, Remediation and Reclamation of the International Union of Soil Sciences. He won the award of Excellent Science and Technology Worker, enjoys the Special Allowance of State Council. Dr. Zhang focuses on the understanding of the microbial control over biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in agro-ecosystems, especially on their role in maintaining the sustainability of agricultural soils.
E-mail:zhangxudong@iae.ac.cn
关义新 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所研究员。农业农村部玉米生产指导专家组成员,农业农村部东北保护性耕作专家指导组成员,吉林省保护性耕作专家指导组成员。长期从事玉米育种与耕作栽培研究工作,研制了高性能免耕播种机和条带耕作机、提出了宽窄行秸秆覆盖免耕、秸秆覆盖条带耕作等保护性耕作技术模式,审定了6个玉米新品种。
E-mail:guanyixin@iga.ac.cn
GUAN Yixin Professor at Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology (IGA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Member of Expert Group of Maize Production Guidance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Member of Northeast Conservation Tillage Guidance Expert Group, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Member of Jilin Conservation Tillage Guidance Expert Group, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. He has long been engaged in maize breeding and cultivation research, has developed high-performance no-till planter and strip-tiller, put forward conservation tillage technology models such as wild-narrow row no-till and strip-till with residual cover, and approved 6 new maize hybrids.
E-mail:guanyixin@iga.ac.cn
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