重视海岸及海洋微塑料污染 加强防治科技监管研究工作

Raising Concern about Microplastic Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environment and Strengthening Scientific Researches on Pollution Prevention and Managem

        章海波(中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 烟台 264003;中国科学院大学 北京 100049)
        周倩(中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 烟台 264003;中国科学院大学 北京 100049)
        周阳(中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 烟台 264003;中国科学院大学 北京 100049)
        涂晨(中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 烟台 264003)
        骆永明(中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 烟台 264003;中国科学院大学 北京 100049)

         微塑料;近岸海域;研究方向;管理策略

        microplastic;coastal marine;research direction;regulation strategy

        海岸带及海洋环境中的微塑料污染已经成为全球环境问题。我国已对一些典型河口、海湾、海岛周边海域及潮滩开展了微塑料污染的初步调查，积累了一些基础数据。但目前从基础理论、方法学及评估与控制技术等方面都远未达到环境监管的要求。因此，需要从建立和完善微塑料调查、监测与评估的方法学体系，厘清我国海洋微塑料的排放格局与污染分布规律，建立微塑料及其附着污染物的毒理学评价指标体系与参数库，形成海洋及海岸环境微塑料污染控制与管理技术体系等角度开展全面系统研究，解决现有的技术难点和关键科学问题，为我国海岸及海洋环境微塑料污染的监管与安全保障提供科学支撑。

        The pollution of microplastics, which is defined as the plastic pieces with diameter or length less than 5 mm, has been a global problem of coastal and marine environment. In China, some preliminary surveys regarding the pollution in surface water, sediment, and benthic bivalves have been carried out in marine water and coastal beaches of the Bohai Sea, Yangtze River estuary, and some islands and bays of the South China Sea since 2014. A basic dataset has been obtained from these investigations. However, the current results on microplasitcs pollution in China is still far from the needs for pollution prevention and national-wide regulation. More datasets and scientific researches on the pollution status, sources, fate, and ecological risks of the microplasitcs are required in the next few years. Moreover, current knowledge on the aspects of basic theories, methodologies, and techniques on risk assessment and management of microplastic pollution in the marine and coastal environment is still in developing worldwide. Therefore, more contributions from the China's researches on this topic are encouraged due to the high production and consumption of plastic products as well as the long coastal line in China. As a matter of fact, Chinese government has already noticed the impact of microplasitcs pollution on the coastal and marine environmental security. A research program guideline regarding the monitoring and ecological effects assessment of the marine microplastic pollution has been issued in the "Marine Environmental Security Assurance" which is one of the National Science and Technology Major Projects of the Thirteenth "Five-Year Plan" by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). In case of the program was approved and launched in the next five years, more supporting datasets and methodologies could be obtained aiming to reveal the pollution status of microplastics in the coastal and marine environment, to assess its ecological risks, and to control the emission and diffusion of the pollutants. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to analyze the key scientific problems and technique barriers for the regulation of marine and coastal pollution of microplastics and protection of environmental security in China, and then to provide some systematic research directions for the next 5 to 10 years based on this analysis. The proposed researches were illustrated briefly as follows. (1) Developing the methodologies and technical equipment for surveying, monitoring and assessment of the microplastic pollution in marine and coastal environment in order to improve the data comparability and study efficiency. (2) Revealing the emission sources, fluxes, and fate of microplasitc in the marine environment in some large estuaries, bays, and coastal beaches in order to support the source control and management of microplastics pollution. (3) Characterization of the chemical pollutants attached on the surface of microplastics which have variety sources and assessment of the adsorption and desorption of these chemicals from the surface and their effects on the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the marine organisms. (4) Studying the transferring of microplastics and the attached chemical pollutants in the different trophic levels of a marine food web and developing some methodologies for assessing the ecotoxicity of the microplastics, which could be used as a basis for the establishment of standards of the microplastic pollution in the China's marine environment. (5) Developing the control and treatment techniques and regulation strategies microplastics pollution in the oceans of China, in particular of establishing the supervision system covering the monitoring, assessment, and treatment of the microplastics for some key oceanic areas.