绿色设计是启动绿色发展的第一杠杆

Green Design: the Hand of Sustainability

        牛文元(中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院(筹) 北京 100190)

         绿色发展;绿色设计;可持续能力

        green development;green design;sustainability

        绿色设计是在深刻认识人与自然关系基础上,对规定绿色目标函数进行的预先策划和具有可操作创意的综合性智慧活动。包含了对传统设计实施观念创新、理论创新、方法创新、工具创新的全过程。绿色设计是可持续发展思想在经济活动和社会消费中的集中投射,是实现自然资源持续利用、绿色财富持续增长、生态环境持续改善、生活质量持续提高的现代设计潮流。绿色设计实质上是通过设计寻求"自然绿色、经济绿色、社会绿色、心灵绿色"的交集最大化。国际公认绿色设计遵循5大基本原理:(1)生命周期原理;(2)3R原则(Reduce,Reuse,Recycle);(3)PRED(Population,Resources,Environment,Development)和可持续发展"拉格朗日均衡";(4)黄金分割美学规则;(5)人体工学与柯布-道格拉斯变体方程。绿色设计以新一轮的"绿色创新红利"抵消传统设计的边际效益递减;以"绿色创新内涵"降低粗放式生产的外部成本;以"绿色创新智慧"重塑现代产业体系的新秩序;以"绿色创新工具"开创研发体系的新模式。

        Green Design refers to those integrated intelligent activities in which the prescribed green objective function is pre-planned with feasible ideas based on profound knowledge of the relationship between humankind and nature, involving the overall process of conducting innovations in terms of concept, theory, methodology, and tool concerning traditional design. Casting the idea of sustainable development in economic activities and social consumption in a centralized way, Green Design is a trend for modern design to realize the sustainable use of natural resources, the sustainable growth of green treasure, and the sustainable improvement of ecological environment and living quality. In essence, it is to maximize the integration of "green nature, green economy, green society, and green heart" through design. Having fully demonstrated in the "headstream" of production, consumption, and circulation, Green Design plays an important part in national innovation project and serves as a key point for the successful transformation of supply structure. Guided by Green Design, energy revolution, Internet+, smart city, biomedicine, flexible manufacturing, robot, fine chemical engineering, all-round digital production, circulation and distribution, social engineering, and even creative life will be comprehensively embodied in product, handicraft, industrial chain, large-scale project, region, and even strategic planning so as to highlight the green characteristics of green development, the Third Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0, and Internet+. In the meantime, Green Design will show the economic, social, and humanistic significance of reduction in global ecological deficit, reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases, and sustainable development. In the 1960s, the US design theorist Papanek published Design for the Real World, a monograph that stresses the "limited earth resources" should be taken into consideration in design and presents design is for protecting global environment. His "limited resources theory" was widely accepted when the energy crisis broke out in the 1970s. The concept of Green Design was then put forth by Avril Fox and Robin Murrell in their Green Design in 1979. The tide of green consumption rose in the USA in the 1980s and then swept the world. Meanwhile, the French designer Philip Starck came up with the concept of Simple Green Design that advocates the principle of "less is more". In 2010, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released in Geneva the ISO26000 Social Responsibility Guide, taking sustainable development and environmental protection as its general objective and concluding the optimal combination of "human happiness maximization" and "minimization of environmental influence from producing activities". Since then, sustainable development, green idea, environmentally friendly, and ecological safety have been regarded as general requirements of design. In September 2013, Green Design forerunners from China and EU founded in Belgium the World Green Design Organization (WGDO), promoting Green Design theory across the world and guiding industrial revolution, consumption revolution, and social revolution. Green Design will guide the green innovation consciousness, green innovation level, and green standard formulation of products, procedures, models, industries, engineering, and strategies from headstream. Besides, it will be fully expressed on the microcosmic level where products and processes are designed specifically, on the mesoscopic level where industrial, engineering, and industrial chain performance design is taken into account mainly and macroscopic level where regional, municipal, national, and even global policies and strategies are designed. Green Design follows the internationally acknowledged basic principles, i.e., lifecycle theory, 3R principles (reduce, reuse, and recycle), PRED and "Lagrange Equilibrium" of sustainable development, Golden Section, and human engineering and Cobb-Douglas variant equation. Green Design offsets the marginal benefit decrement of traditional design with another round of "green innovation dividend", reduces the external cost of extensive production with "green innovation connotation", remakes the order of modern industrial system with "green innovation intelligence" and initiates a new model of R&D system with "green innovation tools".