文恒.日本原子能开发体制的变迁[J].中国科学院院刊,2025,40(Z2):138-145.

日本原子能开发体制的变迁

Shift of Japan’s nuclear development mechanism

文恒
中国科学院自然科学史研究所 北京 100190
WEN Heng
Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

         原子能开发;日本;军事利用;核电;技术自立

        nuclear development;Japan;military application;nuclear power generation;technological independence

        日本是较早进行原子能开发的国家之一，但其战时面向军事利用的原子能开发工作并未取得较大进展。战时的工作很大程度上来源于日本科学家对于继续在原子核物理领域开展基础研究的追求。二战后，日本学界在同盟国占领结束后很快重启了原子核物理的研究工作，而原子能开发则基本由日本政府和产业界主导。尽管自主开发和引进吸收两条技术路径并存于日本的原子能开发，但从结果来看后者在日本核电领域占据了绝对优势，这反而对日本在原子能开发中的技术自立造成了一定障碍。对核武器的直接体验及其造成的影响使得日本的经历有相当特殊性，但从原子能开发在各国科技发展历程中的重要地位来看，日本原子能开发机制的变迁也能够为中国相关事业的历史语境和意义提供参照。

        Japan is among the earlier countries to launch nuclear development program, though it never amounted much progress. The inception of the wartime research program that was aimed at military application was to a great extent an effort by scientists to continue basic research in nuclear physics. After the postwar occupation of Japan, research in nuclear physics resumed in academia while applied nuclear development for peaceful purposes came to be overseen by the Japanese government and industry. While two technological paths, independent development and domestication upon import prevailed simultaneously, it was the latter that wound up dominating Japan’s nuclear power generation, hindering certain aspects of Japan’s technology independence in nuclear development. Though Japan’s experience with nuclear weapons was unique and had ramifications in its postwar nuclear research and development, how its overall nuclear development mechanism evolved can help shed light on the historical contexts and connotations of China’s programs in this milieu.