林梓瀚,马有梅,郭丰.美国数据要素流通法律体系构建及对我国的启示[J].中国科学院院刊,2025,40(11):2101-2109.

美国数据要素流通法律体系构建及对我国的启示

Construction of data factor circulation law system in the United States and its reflection for China

林梓瀚¹
上海数据交易所 上海 201203
LIN Zihan¹
Shanghai Data Exchange, Shanghai 201203, China
马有梅²
同济大学 法学院 上海 200092
MA Youmei²
Law School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
郭丰^3,4*
中国信息通信研究院 北京 100083;北京大学 信息管理系 北京 100871
GUO Feng^3,4*
China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing 100083, China;Department of Information Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

         数据要素;政府数据;开放共享;流通交易

        data factor;government data;data opening and sharing;circulation and exchange

        作为全球数字经济的先发国家，当前美国构建起较为完善的数据要素流通制度。重点体现在围绕政府数据开放，美国形成联邦和州2级数据开放立法体系以保障数据自由开放；而在个人数据交易领域，美国形成相对宽松的法律环境和数据经纪商以促进数据流通交易。目前，中国正积极推动数据要素市场化配置改革，构建多层次数据要素市场，不断完善数据要素流通交易相关制度。通过对中美两国在数据开放与个人数据交易方面立法体系的对比，文章认为中国可以借鉴美国有益经验，加快构建国家政府数据开放共享平台，培育发展数据经纪商，推动政府数据开发利用和数据流通相关立法建设，从而完善我国数据要素流通制度。

        As a pioneer country in the global digital economy, the United States has established a relatively complete system for the circulation of data elements. The focus is on government data openness, with the United States forming a legislative system for data openness at both federal and state levels to ensure data freedom and openness. In the field of personal data trading, the United States has established a relatively relaxed legal environment and data brokers to promote data circulation and trading. At present, China is actively promoting the market-oriented allocation reform of data elements, building a multi-level data element market, and continuously improving the relevant systems for data element circulation and trading. By comparing the legislative systems of data openness and personal data trading between China and the United States, it is believed that China can learn from the beneficial experience of the United States, accelerate the construction of a unified platform for government data openness and sharing, cultivate and develop data brokers, promote the construction of legislation related to government data openness and data trading circulation, and improve China’s data element circulation system.