美国“阿波罗计划”科技创新的得失

Scientific and technological innovation of Apollo Program and its gain and loss

        孙烈^1*(中国科学院自然科学史研究所 北京 100190)
        李成智²(北京航空航天大学 人文与社会科学高等研究院 北京 100191)

         “阿波罗计划”;科技创新;大科学工程;持续创新;科研—军工联合体

        Apollo Program;scientific and technological innovation;big science project;continuous innovation;research & military industrial complex

        “阿波罗计划”的首要成果是完成了空前壮观的探月旅行，其系列创新成就是人类科技进步的重要标志。在科学上，“阿波罗计划”取得了丰硕成果，极大地提高了对月球的科学认知水平；在技术上，该计划显著带动了集成电路等高新产业的发展；在工程上，美国航空航天局 （NASA） 形成了一整套的大科学工程的系统方法与管理经验。但“阿波罗计划”超前的方案与后续发展有所脱节。从美国新探月计划的实施来看，以阶段性举国之力形成创新和引领优势，并不能一劳永逸。拥有持续创新能力是争夺科技制高点的重要保障。

        The seminal accomplishment of the Apollo Program, which succeeded in preparing and landing the first men on the Moon, was the execution of an unparalleled project, etching an indelible mark on scientific and technological annals. The program’s chain of pioneering feats stands as a monument to mankind’s scientific and technological progress. Scientifically, the project endeavour yielded an abundance of findings, markedly enhancing the celestial understanding of the moon’s composition and morphology. Technologically, it served as a catalyst for the advancement of integrated circuits and the burgeoning high-tech sector. Engineeringly, NASA distilled a corpus of methodological and managerial expertise tailored to big science projects. When juxtaposed against the contemporary US lunar exploration initiative, the Apollo Program’s avant-garde approach appears to be somewhat at odds with the trajectory of its successor endeavors. Judging from the implementation of the new lunar exploration plan of the US, it is not possible to form an innovative and leading advantage with the strength of the whole country at a stage. The capacity for sustainable innovation remains a pivotal factor in the competition for seizing scientific and technological heights.