苏联对中国发展战略威慑力量的认识和反应（1949—1964年）

The Soviet Union’s understanding and reaction to China’s development of strategic deterrence force (1949-1964)

        崔海智^1*(华东师范大学 社会主义历史与文献研究院/历史系 上海 200241)
        王芳²(中国科学院自然科学史研究所 北京 100190)

         中国;苏联;战略威慑力量;研制;反应

        China;Soviet Union;strategic deterrence force;development;reaction

        新中国成立后，面对中国多次提出的援助发展战略威慑力量的请求，苏联都以中国经济和科技能力不足，缺乏发展战略威慑力量的条件，以及苏联可以向中国提供核保护为由予以拒绝。20世纪50年代中期，随着中国发展战略威慑力量战略决策的做出和中苏关系的发展，苏联开始在和平利用原子能领域向中国提供援助，并在1957年将援助扩大到战略威慑力量的发展领域。但苏联对中国发展战略威慑力量的认识并没有发生变化。随着中苏矛盾的发展，苏联领导人不仅对中国发展战略威慑力量的援助开始进行种种限制，而且一再违背援助协议，拒绝向中国提供发展战略威慑力量的技术。20世纪60年代初，在中苏关系进一步恶化的背景下，苏联一方面对中国发展战略威慑力量的政策进行批评，另一方面试图对中国发展战略威慑力量的努力进行阻挠。在中国发展战略威慑力量首次取得成功后，由于政治上的原因和对中国战略威慑能力的认识，苏联对中国的战略武器试验做出了谨慎的反应。

        After the founding of New China, facing China’s repeated requests for assistance in the development of the Strategic Deterrence Force (SDF), the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) refused on the grounds that China’s economic and technological capabilities were insufficient, that it lacked the conditions for the development of atomic weapons, and that the USSR could provide China with nuclear protection. In the mid-1950s, with the China’s strategic decision making on the development of the SDF and the development of Sino-Soviet relations, the USSR opened the door to China in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy and expanded its nuclear assistance to China to include the development of SDF in 1957. However, the Soviet Union’s understanding of China’s development of SDF did not change. As the Sino-Soviet conflict developed, the USSR leaders not only began to impose various restrictions on the assistance to the development of SDF, but also repeatedly reneged on the agreement and refused to provide China with the technology for the construction of SDF and to transfer the model of the bomb. In the early 1960s, against the background of further deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, the Soviet Union, on the one hand, criticized China’s policy on the development of SDF, and on the other hand, tried to obstruct China’s development of SDF. After the successful test explosion of China’s first SDF, the Soviet Union reacted cautiously to China’s nuclear test for political reasons and because of its awareness of China’s nuclear capability.