从纳粹德国“铀计划”的失败看重大科技项目治理

Governance analysis of major scientific and technological projects from failure of Nazi Germany’s “Uranprojekt”

        樊小龙(中国科学院自然科学史研究所 北京 100190)

         纳粹德国“铀计划”;“曼哈顿计划”;重大科技项目治理

        Uranprojekt;Manhattan Project;major science and technology project governance

        当前，世界进入新的动荡变革期，科学技术，尤其是带有全局性、战略性的重大科技项目日益成为大国角力的焦点。第二次世界大战时期，核武器研制曾在各国间掀起竞争浪潮并产生重大影响，有关历史经验对于我国当前谋划和实施重大科技项目、加快实现科技自立自强、决胜国际科技竞争挑战具有一定的参考价值。文章以纳粹德国“铀计划”（Uranprojekt）的项目治理为主要研究对象，尝试从战略定位、时间表、路线图、资源投入和管理支撑5个方面分析其在与“曼哈顿计划”的竞争当中落败的原因，在此基础上为我国当前重大科技项目治理建言献策。

        The world today has entered a new period of turbulence, science and technology, especially those major projects with overall and strategic significance, have increasingly become the focus of tussle between major powers. During the World War II, the development of nuclear weapons once set off a wave of international competition and had a significant impact to the history. Relevant experience has certain reference value for China’s current planning and implementation of major scientific and technological projects, accelerating the realization of scientific and technological self-reliance, and winning the challenge of international scientific and technological competition. This study takes the uranium project governance of Nazi Germany (Uranprojekt) as the main theme, attempts to reveal the reason for its failure in the competition with the Manhattan Project from five aspects: strategic positioning, timetable, road map, investment, and management, and on this basis provides suggestions for the governance of major science and technology projects in China.