中国原子能突破与稀土开发的互动（1955—1987年）

Interaction between China’s atomic energy breakthrough and rare earth R&D（1955-1987）

        孙烈^1*(中国科学院自然科学史研究所 北京 100190)
        李昕^1,2(中国科学院自然科学史研究所 北京 100190;中国科学院大学 北京 100049)
        潘菁³(中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 稀土资源利用国家重点实验室 长春 130022)

         原子能;核燃料;稀土;分离提取;中国科学院

        atomic bomb;nuclear fuel;rare earth;separation and extraction;Chinese Academy of Sciences

        中国原子能与稀土两大领域的互动，直接保障了核燃料等研制任务的完成，也强力带动了稀土分离与提取优势的形成，其影响深远却鲜有专题论述。本文通过大量翔实的一手史料论证其互动及其影响。中国启动原子能开发计划后，《十二年科技规划》的相关任务带动了稀土化学建制化发展的开端。20世纪50年代末开始，以中国科学院为主的研究力量突破离子交换法分离稀土的关键核心技术并启动溶剂萃取法研究，既确保了核燃料“铀—钚分离”技术路线的形成，也为稀土基础研究与新材料应用奠定了重要基础。中国科技事业在原子能与稀土领域的相互促进，是一次国家重大需求与世界科技前沿的双向驱动，其蕴含的历史经验至今仍具现实意义。

        The interaction between China’s atomic bomb project and rare earth R&D has directly ensured the breakthrough of nuclear fuel and other related scientific research tasks, meanwhile, it has significantly forced to achieve preeminence in rare earth separation. The impact is profound yet rarely investigated. This study investigates the interaction and its impact through a wealth of detailed primary historical materials. After China launched the atomic bomb project, the tasks of the 1956 “Twelve-Year Science and Technology Plan” promoted the institutionalization of rare earth chemistry. Since the late 1950s, the research forces led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) achieved a pivotal breakthrough in separating rare earths by ion exchange method and initiated research on solvent extraction method. Such achievements were not only critical for the technical route for “uranium-plutonium separation” of nuclear fuel, but also laid a robust foundation for the basic research and application of rare earth. The mutual promotion between the development of China’s atomic bomb project and the rare earth R&D truly represents a two-way drive between the country’s significant needs and the forefront of global science and technology, and the historical experience contained within still holds practical significance.