合成生物制造大宗化学品的机遇与挑战

Opportunities and challenges in synthetic biology for manufacture of bulk chemicals

        申晓林(北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院 北京 100029)
        袁其朋*(北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院 北京 100029)

         合成生物学;生物制造;大宗化学品;成本核算

        synthetic biology;biomanufacturing;bulk chemicals;cost accounting

        依赖化石资源的传统化工制造在满足物质需求的同时，面临资源枯竭、环境污染和碳排放等挑战，亟需转向绿色可持续的生产方式。生物制造利用可再生资源生产化学品，为化工行业绿色转型提供了新方法。近年来，生物制造已成为全球关注的新兴生产力。通过合成生物学方法，已实现1,3-丙二醇等大宗化学品的生产。然而，大宗化学品的生物制造仍面临成本高、效率低和规模化不足的问题，尤其是长途径生物合成产品受限于代谢网络效率，产率需进一步优化。文章综述了大宗化学品的生物制造的生产现状与研究进展，分析了其特点与挑战，并探讨了合成生物学在代谢途径改造、酶活性优化和底盘细胞性能提升中的应用。尽管部分领域已有突破，生物制造大宗化学品在成本上仍处劣势。未来需进一步提升底盘细胞效率，降低原料成本，以推动生物制造在大宗化学品领域的广泛应用与产业化。

        Traditional chemical manufacturing, reliant on fossil resources, meets material demands but faces challenges such as resource depletion, environmental pollution, and carbon emissions. This underscores the urgent need for a shift towards green and sustainable production methods. Biomanufacturing, which uses renewable resources to produce chemicals, offers a promising pathway for the chemical industry's green transition. In recent years, biomanufacturing has emerged as a key area of global attention. Through synthetic biology, bulk chemicals like 1, 3-propanediol have been successfully produced. Nevertheless, biomanufacturing of bulk chemicals still faces significant challenges, including high costs, low efficiency, and limited scalability. This is particularly true for long pathway biosynthetic products, where metabolic network efficiency constrains yields and requires further optimization. This study reviews the current status and research advancements in the biomanufacturing of bulk chemicals, analyzes its characteristics and challenges, and discusses the role of synthetic biology in optimizing metabolic pathways, designating to enhance enzyme activity and improve chassis cell performance. Despite breakthroughs in some areas, the cost of biomanufactured bulk chemicals remains disadvantages compared to traditional methods. In the future, further improvements in microbial cell factory efficiency and raw material cost reduction are necessary to drive the widespread application and industrialization of biomanufacturing in bulk chemicals.